Research Paper
Biomass and carbon stock assessment in two savannahs of Western Ghats, India
Kothandaraman Subashree and Somaiah Sundarapandian
Published on: 18 July 2017
Page: 272 - 282
DOI: 10.6165/tai.2017.62.272
Abstract
Carbon inventory was done on two savannah ecosystems (sites I & II) of Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India. Ten plots of 20 m × 20 m each were laid in each site to study woody vegetation and a total of forty quadrats (4 in each plot) of 1 m × 1 m were laid in each site for the understorey. Both sites showed remarkable variations in biomass and carbon accumulation patterns. Site I (213 Mg C/ha) had higher woody biomass carbon than site II (185.9 Mg C/ha). However, the latter had greater understorey biomass carbon (site I – 3.2 Mg C/ha; site II –20.7 Mg C/ha). Overall, the total vegetation carbon accounted to 216.2 Mg C/ha in site I and 206.6 Mg C/ha in site II. On the other hand, soil carbon was higher in site II (183.5 Mg C/ha) than site I (172.3 Mg C/ha). Soil bulk density increased with increase in soil depth in both sites. Cumulatively, even though both sites had almost equal carbon stocks, they show considerable variation in the amount of carbon stocked in their carbon pools. Woody biomass was the largest carbon pool, followed by soil and understorey biomass. The observed variations could be due to differences in terrain characteristics, edaphic factors, incidence of fires, etc. The study emphasizes the important role of savannahs in stocking considerable amounts of carbon in their different carbon pools.
Keyword: Carbon mitigation, Climate change, Hotspot, Soil carbon, Tropical forest, Wildlife Sanctuary, Woody biomass
Literature Cited
Alencar, A., D.C. Nepstad and M.C.V. Diaz. 2006. Forest understory fire in the Brazilian Amazon in ENSO and non-ENSO years: area burned and Committed carbon emissions. Earth Interact. 10(6): 1-17.
DOI: 10.1175/EI150.1View Article
Google Scholar
Anderson, J.M. 1991. The effects of climate change on decomposition processes in grassland and coniferous forests. Ecol. Appl. 1(3): 326-347.
DOI: 10.2307/1941761View Article
Google Scholar
Anup, K.C., G. Bhandari, G.R. Joshi and S. Aryal. 2013. Climate change mitigation potential from carbon sequestration of community forest in mid hill region of Nepal. Int. J. Environ. Prot. 3(7): 33-40.
Augusto, L., J.-L. Dupouey and J. Ranger. 2003. Effects of tree species on understory vegetation and environmental conditions in temperate forests. Ann. For. Sci. 60(8): 823-831.
DOI: 10.1051/forest:2003077View Article
Google Scholar
Balch, J.K., D.C. Nepstad, P.M. Brando and A. Alencar. 2010. Comment on The Incidence of Fire in Amazonian Forests with Implications for REDD. Science 330(6011): 1627.
DOI: 10.1126/science.1194032View Article
Google Scholar
Becknell, J.M. and J.S. Powers. 2014. Stand age and soils as drivers of plant functional traits and aboveground biomass in secondary tropical dry forest. Can. J. For. Res. 44(6): 604-613.
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2013-0331View Article
Google Scholar
Becknell, J.M., K.L. Kucek and J.S. Powers. 2012. Aboveground biomass in mature and secondary seasonally dry tropical forests: A literature review and global synthesis. For. Ecol. Manage. 276: 88-95.
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.03.033View Article
Google Scholar
Berenguer, E., J. Ferreira, T.A. Gardner, L.E.O.C. Arag?o, P.B.D. Camargo, C.E. Cerri, M. Durigan, R.C.D. Oliveira, I.C.G. Vieira and J. Barlow. 2014. A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests. Glob. Change Biol. 20(12): 3713-3726.
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12627View Article
Google Scholar
Berta, A., T. Soromessa and S. Belliethathan. 2015. Carbon Sock of Gambella National Park: Implication for Climate Change Mitigation. Adv. Life Sci. Tech. 35: 41-55.
Bhat, D.M. and K.S. Murali. 2001. Phenology of understory species of tropical moist forest of Western Ghats region of Uttara Kannada district in South India. Curr. Sci. 81:799-805.
Bhat, D.M. and N.H. Ravindranath. 2011. Above
DOI: 10.6165/tai.2011.56(2).85View Article
Google Scholar
Bolinder, M.A., T. K?tterer, O. Andr?n and L.E. Parent. 2012. Estimating carbon inputs to soil in forage-based crop rotations and modeling the effects on soil carbon dynamics in a Swedish long-term field experiment, Can. J. Soil Sci. 92(6): 821-833.
DOI: 10.4141/cjss2012-036View Article
Google Scholar
Borah, N., A.J. Nath and A.K. Das. 2013. Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Stocks of Tree Species in Tropical Forests of Cachar District, Assam, Northeast India. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 39(2): 97-106.
Brown, S. 1996. Tropical forests and the global carbon cycle: estimating state and change in biomass density. pp. 135-144. In: Apps, M. and D. Price (eds.) Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management and the Global Carbon Cycle. NATO ASI Series, Springer-Verlag.
Brown, S. 1997. Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests: a primer. FAO Forestry Paper 134, Rome, Italy.
Brown, S. and A.E. Lugo. 1992. Aboveground biomass estimates for tropical moist forests of the Brazilian Amazon. Interciencia 17: 8-18.
Brown, S., C.A.S. Hall, W. Knabe, J. Raich, M.C. Trexler and P. Woomer. 1993. Tropical Forests: Their Past, Present and Potential Future Roles in the World
DOI: 10.1007/BF01104989View Article
Google Scholar
Brown, S.L., P. Schroeder and J.S. Kern. 1999. Spatial distribution of biomass in forest of the eastern USA. For. Ecol. Manage.123(1): 81-90.
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00017-1View Article
Google Scholar
Buis, G.M., J.M. Blair, D.E. Burkepile, C.E. Burns, A.J. Chamberlain, P.L. Chapman, S.L. Collins, R.W.S. Fynn, N. Govender, K.P. Kirkman, M.D. Smith and A.K. Knapp. 2009. Controls of aboveground net primary production in mesic savanna grasslands: an inter-hemispheric comparison. Ecosystems 12(6): 982-995.
DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9273-1View Article
Google Scholar
Burton, J.I., A. Ares, D.H. Olson and K.J. Puettmann. 2013. Management trade-off between aboveground carbon storage and understory plant species richness in temperate forests. Ecol. Appl. 23(6): 1297-1310.
DOI: 10.1890/12-1472.1View Article
Google Scholar
Champion, H.G. and S.K. Seth. 1968. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Government of India, New Delhi.
Chang, X., X. Bao, S. Wang, A. Wilkes, B. Erdenetsetseg, B. Baival, D. Avaadorj, T. Maisaikhan and B. Damdinsuren. 2015. Simulating effects of grazing on soil organic carbon stocks in Mongolian grasslands. Agri. Ecosyst. Environ. 212: 278-284.
DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.014View Article
Google Scholar
Chastain Jr., R.A., W.S. Currie and P.A. Townsend. 2006. Carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling implications of the evergreen understory layer in Appalachian forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 231(1-3): 63-77.
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.040View Article
Google Scholar
Chaturvedi, R.K., A.S. Raghubanshi and J.S. Singh. 2012. Biomass estimation of dry tropical woody species at juvenile stage. Scientific World J. 2012:1-5.
DOI: 10.1100/2012/790219View Article
Google Scholar
Chave, J., C. Andalo, S. Brown, M.A. Cairns, J.Q. Chambers, D. Eamus, H. Folster, F. Fromard, N. Higuchi, T. Kira, J.-P. Lescure, B.W. Nelson, H. Ogawa, H. Puig, B. Riera and T. Yamkura. 2005. Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia 145(1): 87-99.
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0100-xView Article
Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Z. Liu, X. Rao, X. Wang, C. Liang, Y. Lin, L. Zhou, X. Cai and S. Fu. 2015. Carbon Storage and Allocation Pattern in Plant Biomass among Different Forest Plantation Stands in Guangdong, China. Forests 6(3): 794-808.
DOI: 10.3390/f6030794View Article
Google Scholar
Clark, D.B. and D.A. Clark. 1996. Abundance, growth, and mortality of very large trees in neotropical lowland rain forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 80(1-3): 235-244.
DOI: 10.1016/0378-1127(95)03607-5View Article
Google Scholar
Clerici, N., K. Rubiano, A. Abd-Elrahman, J.M.P. Hoestettler and F.J. Escobedo. 2016. Estimating Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Stocks in Periurban Andean Secondary Forests Using Very High Resolution Imagery. Forests 7(7): 138.
DOI: 10.3390/f7070138View Article
Google Scholar
Conant, R.T., P. Dalla-Betta, C.C. Klopatek and J.M. Klopatek. 2004. Controls on soil respiration in semiarid soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36(6): 945-951.
DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.02.013View Article
Google Scholar
Dahlgren, R.A. and C.T. Driscoll. 1994. The effects of whole-tree clear-cutting on soil processes at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. Plant Soil 158(2): 239-262.
DOI: 10.1007/BF00009499View Article
Google Scholar
Das, S. and T.P. Singh. 2016. Forest Type, Diversity and Biomass Estimation Tropical Forests of Western Ghats of Maharashtra Using Geospatial Techniques. Small-scale Forestry. 15(4):517-532.
DOI: 10.1007/s11842-016-9337-yView Article
Google Scholar
Devisscher, T., Y. Malhi, V.D.R. Land?var and I. Oliveras. 2016. Understanding ecological transitions under recurrent wildfire: A case study in the seasonally dry tropical forests of the Chiquitania, Bolivia. For. Ecol. Manage. 360: 273-286.
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.10.033View Article
Google Scholar
Doughty, C.E., S. Faurby and J.C. Svenning. 2016. The impact of the megafauna extinctions on savanna woody cover in South America. Ecography 39(2): 213-222.
DOI: 10.1111/ecog.01593View Article
Google Scholar
Eswaran, H., E. Vandenberg and P. Reich. 1993. Organic carbon in soils of the world. Soil Sci Soc. Am. J. 57(1): 192
DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700010034xView Article
Google Scholar
Fidelis, A., M.F.S. Lyra and V.R. Pivello. 2013. Above- and below-ground biomass and carbon dynamics in Brazilian Cerrado wet grasslands. J. Veg. Sci. 24(2): 356-364.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01465.xView Article
Google Scholar
Gandhi, D.S. 2016. Large-scale carbon stock assessment in tropical dry deciduous forest of Sathanur reserve forest, Tamil Nadu, India. Thesis submitted to Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India.
Gandhi, D.S. and SM. Sundarapandian. 2014. Diversity and distribution pattern of understory vegetation in tropical dry forests of Sathanur reserve forest in Eastern Ghats, India. Int. J. Sci. Nat. 5(3): 452-461.
Gandhi, D.S. and SM. Sundarapandian. 2017. Large-scale carbon stock assessment of woody vegetation in tropical dry deciduous forest of Sathanur reserve forest, Eastern Ghats, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 189(4): 187.
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5899-1View Article
Google Scholar
Gandiwa, P., J. Finch and T. Hill. 2016. Vegetation structure and composition in the semi-arid Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage. 2(3): 235-248.
Grace, J., J.S. Jose, P. Meir, H.S. Miranda and R.A. Montes. 2006. Productivity and carbon fluxes of tropical savannas. J. Biogeogr. 33(3): 387-400.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01448.xView Article
Google Scholar
Gray, A.N., T.A., Spies and M.J. Easter. 2002. Microclimatic and soil moisture responses to gap formation in coastal Douglas-fir forests. Can. J. Forest Res. 32(2): 332-343.
DOI: 10.1139/x01-200View Article
Google Scholar
Hasituya, Y. Bao, L. Quan and B. Gangl. 2013. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Biomass Carbon Stocks in Xilingol Grassland. International Conference on Mechatronic Sciences, Electric Engineering and Computer (MEC) Dec 20-22, 2013, Shenyang, China.
Hornung, M., B. Reynolds, P.A. Stevens and S. Hugue. 1990. Water quality changes from input to stream. J. Soil Sci. 41: 223-240.
Hughes, R.F., J.B. Kauffman and D.L. Cummings. 2002. Dynamics of aboveground and soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and cycling of available nitrogen along a landuse gradient in Rondonia, Brazil. Ecosystem 5(3): 244-259.
DOI: 10.1007/s10021-001-0069-1View Article
Google Scholar
Jobbagy E.G. and R.B. Jackson. 2000. The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecol. Appl. 10(2): 423-436.
DOI: 10.2307/2641104View Article
Google Scholar
J?nior, L.R.P., E.M. de Andrade, H.A.Q. Pal?cio, P.C.L. Raymer, J.C.R. Filho and F.J.S. Pereira. 2016. Carbon stocks in a tropical dry forest in Brazil. Rev. Cinec. Agron. 47: 32-40.
Khun, V., D.K. Lee, J.O. Hyun, Y.D. Park and M.S. Combalicer. 2012. Carbon Storage of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Terminalia tomentosa and Pentacme siamensis in Seima Protection Forest, Cambodia. J. Environ. Sci. Manage. Special Issue 1: 68-76.
Kindermann, G.E., I. McCallum, S. Fritz and M. Obersteiner. 2008. A global forest growing stock, biomass and carbon map based on FAO statistics. Silva Fenn. 42(3): 387-396.
DOI: 10.14214/sf.244View Article
Google Scholar
Lewis, S.L. B. Sonk?, T. Sunderland, S.K. Begne, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, G.M.F. van der Heijden, O.L. Phillips, K. Affum-Baffoe, T.R. Baker, L. Banin, J.-F. Bastin, H. Beeckman, P. Boeckx, J. Bogaert, C.D. Canni?re, E. Chezeaux, C.J. Clark, M. Collins, G. Djagbletey, M.N.K. Djuikouo, V. Droissart, J.-L. Doucet, C.E.N. Ewango, S. Fauset, T.R. Feldpausch, E.G. Foli, J.-F. Gillet, A.C. Hamilton, D.J. Harris, T.B. Hart, T. Haulleville, A. Hladik, K. Hufkens, D. Huygens, P. Jeanmart, K.J. Jeffery, E. Kearsley, M..E. Leal, J. Lloyd, J.C. Lovett, J.-R. Makana, Y. Malhi, A.R. Marshall, L. Ojo, K.S.-H. Peh, G. Pickavance, J.R. Poulsen, J.M. Reitsma, D. Sheil, M. Simo, K. Steppe, H.E. Taedoumg, J. Talbot, J.R.D. Taplin, D. Taylor, S.C. Thomas, B. Toirambe, H. Verbeeck, J. Vleminckx, L.J.T. White, S. Willcock, H. Woell and L. Zemagho. 2013. Above-ground biomass and structure of 260 African tropical forests. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 368(1625): 20120295.
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0295View Article
Google Scholar
Lewis, S.L., Y. Malhi, and O.L. Phillips. 2004. Fingerprinting the impacts of global change on tropical forests. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 359(1443): 437-462.
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1432View Article
Google Scholar
Lugo, A.E. and S. Brown. 1993. Management of tropical soils as sinks or sources of atmospheric carbon. Plant Soil 149(1): 27-41.
DOI: 10.1007/BF00010760View Article
Google Scholar
Majumdar, K., B.K. Choudhary and B.K. Datta. 2016. Aboveground Woody Biomass, Carbon Stocks Potential in Selected Tropical Forest Patches of Tripura, Northeast India. Open J. Ecol. 6(10): 598-612.
DOI: 10.4236/oje.2016.610057View Article
Google Scholar
Malhi, Y. 2010. The carbon balance of tropical forest regions, 1990
DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.08.002View Article
Google Scholar
Malhi, Y. 2012. The productivity, metabolism and carbon cycle of tropical forest vegetation, J. Ecol. 100(1): 65-75.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01916.xView Article
Google Scholar
Malhi, Y. D. Wood, T.R. Baker, J. Wright, O.L. Phillips, T. Cochrane, P. Meir, J. Chave, S. Almeida, L. Arroyo, N. Higuchi, T.J. Killeen, S.G. Laurance, W.F. Laurance, S.L. Lewis, A. Monteagudo, D.A. Neill, P.N. Vargas, N.C.A. Pitman, C.A. Quesada, R. Salom?o, J.N.M. Silva, A.T. Lezama, J. Terborgh, R.V. Mart?nez and B. Vinceti. 2006. The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests. Glob. Change Biol. 12(7): 1107-1138.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01120.xView Article
Google Scholar
Manning, P., F.T. de Vries, J.R.B. Tallowin, R. Smith, S.R. Mortimer, E.S. Pilgrim, K.A. Harrison, D.G. Wright, H. Quirk, J. Benson, B. Shipley, J.H.C. Cornelissen, J. Kattge, G. Bonisch, C. Wirth and R.D. Bardgett. 2015. Simple measures of climate, soil properties and plant traits predict national-scale grassland soil carbon stocks. J. Appl. Ecol. 52(5): 1188-1196.
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12478View Article
Google Scholar
Mensah, S., R. Veldtman, B. du Toit, R.G. Kaka? and T. Seifert. 2016. Aboveground Biomass and Carbon in a South African Mistbelt Forest and the Relationships with Tree Species Diversity and Forest Structures. Forests 7(4): 79.
DOI: 10.3390/f7040079View Article
Google Scholar
Mohanraj, R., J. Saravanan, S. Dhanakumar. 2011. Carbon stock in Kolli forests, Eastern Ghats (India) with emphasis on aboveground biomass, litter, woody debris and soils. iForest 4(2): 61-65.
DOI: 10.3832/ifor0568-004View Article
Google Scholar
Murthy, I.K., S. Bhat, V. Sathyanarayan, S. Patgar, M. Beerappa, P.R. Bhat, D.M. Bhat, N.H. Ravindranath, M.A. Khalid, M. Prashant, S. Iyer, D.M. Bebber and R. Saxena. 2016. Vegetation structure and composition of tropical evergreen and deciduous forests in Uttara Kannada District, Western Ghats under different disturbance regimes. Trop. Ecol. 57(1): 77-88.
Nagler, M., V. Fontana, G.J. Laira, A. Radtkeb, E. Tasserc, S. Zerbeb and U. Tappeiner. 2015. Different management of larch grasslands in the European Alps shows low impact on above- and belowground carbon stocks. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 213: 186-193.
DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2015.08.005View Article
Google Scholar
Ngo, K.M., B.L. Turner, H.C. Muller-Landau, S.J. Davies, M. Larjavaara, N.F.N. Hassan and S. Lum. 2013. Carbon stocks in primary and secondary tropical forests in Singapore. For. Ecol. Manage. 296: 81-89.
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.004View Article
Google Scholar
Pan, Y., R. Birdsey, J. Fang, R. Houghton, P. Kauppi W. Kurz, O. Phillips, A. Shvidenko, S.L. Lewis, J.G. Canadell, P. Ciais, R.B. Jackson, S.W. Pacala, A.D. Mcguire, S. Piao, A. Rautiainen, S. Sitch and D. Hayes. 2011. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world
DOI: 10.1126/science.1201609View Article
Google Scholar
Pan, Y., R.A. Birdsey, O. Phillips and R.B. Jackson. 2013. The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914View Article
Google Scholar
Pathak, K., A.J. Nath and A.K. Das. 2015. Imperata grasslands: carbon source or sink? Curr. Sci. 108(12): 2250-2253.
Pawar, G.V., L. Singh, M.K. Jhariya and K.P. Sahu. 2014. Effect of anthropogenic disturbances on biomass and carbon storage potential of a dry tropical forest in India. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 6(2): 383-392.
Pearson, T., S. Walker and S. Brown. 2005. Sourcebook for land-use, land-use change and forestry projects (pp. 19-35). Arlington, USA: Winrock International and the Bio-carbon fund of the World Bank.
Perala, D.A. and D.H. Alban. 1982. Biomass, nutrient distribution and litterfall in Populus, Pinus and Picea stands on two different soils in Minnesota. Plant Soil 64(2): 177-192.
DOI: 10.1007/BF02184249View Article
Google Scholar
Piao S.L., J.Y. Fang, J.S. He and Y. Xiao. 2004. Spatial distribution of grassland biomass in China. Acta Phytoecol. Sinica. 28: 491-498.
DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2004.0067View Article
Google Scholar
Poeplau, C., H. Marstorp, K. Thored and T. K?tterer. 2016. Effect of grassland cutting frequency on soil carbon storage
DOI: 10.5194/soil-2-175-2016View Article
Google Scholar
Poorter, L., M.T. van der Sande, J. Thompson, E.J.M.M. Arets, A. Alarc?n, A., J. ?lvarez-S?nchez, N. Ascarrunz., P. Balvanera, G.-B. Guzm?n, A. Boit, F. Bongers, F.A. Carvalho, F. Casanoves, G.-C. Tenorio, F.R.C. Costa, C.V. de Castilho, J.F. Duivenvoorden, L.P. Dutrieux, B.J. Enquist, F.-F. M?ndez, B. Finegan, L.H.L. Gormley, J.R. Healey, M.R. Hoosbeek, G. Ibarra-Manr?quez, A.B. Junqueira, C. Levis, J.C. Licona, L.S. Lisboa, W.E. Magnusson, M. Mart?nez-Ramos, A.M. Mart?nez-Yrizar, L.G. Martorano, L.C. Maskell, L. Mazzei, J.A. Meave, F. Mora, R. Mu?oz, C. Nytch, M.P. Pansonato, T.W. Parr, H. Paz, E.A. P?rez-Garc?a, L.Y. Renter?a, J. Rodr?guez-Velazquez, D.M.A. Rozendaal, A.R. Ruschel, B. Sakschewski, B. Salgado-Negret, J. Schietti, M. Sim?es, F.L. Sinclair, P.F. Souza, F.C. Souza, J. Stropp, H. ter Steege, N.G. Swenson, K. Thonicke, M. Toledo, M. Uriarte, P. van der Hout, P. Walker, N. Zamora and M. Pe?a-Claros. 2015. Diversity enhances carbon storage in tropical forests. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24(11): 1314-1328.
DOI: 10.1111/geb.12364View Article
Google Scholar
Ramadhanil, R., S.S. Tjitrosoedirdjo and D. Setiadi. 2008. Structure and composition of understory plant assemblages of six land use types in the Lore Lindau National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 15(1):1-12.
DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v15i1.911View Article
Google Scholar
Ravindranath, N.H. and M. Ostwald. 2008. Carbon inventory methods. Handbook for greenhouse gas inventory, carbon mitigation and roundwood production projects. Springer. Netherlands.
Reich, P.B., L.E. Frelich, R.A. Voldseth, P. Bakken and E.C. Adair. 2012. Understorey diversity in southern boreal forests is regulated by productivity and its indirect impacts on resource availability and heterogeneity. J. Ecol. 100(2): 539-545.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01922.xView Article
Google Scholar
Rouget, M., C. Hui, J. Renteria, D. Richardson and J. Wilson. 2015. Plant invasions as a biogeographical assay: Vegetation biomes constrain the distribution of invasive alien species assemblages. South Afr. J. Botany. 101: 24-31.
DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2015.04.009View Article
Google Scholar
Ryan, C.M., M. Williams and J. Grace. 2011. Above- and Belowground Carbon Stocks in a Miombo Woodland Landscape of Mozambique. Biotropica 43(4): 423-432.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00713.xView Article
Google Scholar
Sahu, S.C., H.S. Suresh and N.H. Ravindranath. 2016. Forest structure, composition and above ground biomass of tree community in tropical dry forests of Eastern Ghats, India. Not. Sci. Biol. 8(1): 125-133.
DOI: 10.15835/nsb.8.1.9746View Article
Google Scholar
Schmidt, M.W., M.S. Torn, S. Abiven, T. Dittmar, G. Guggenberger, I.A. Janssens, M. Kleber, I. K?gel-Knabner, J. Lehmann, D.A.C. Manning, P. Nannipieri, D.P. Rasse, S. Weiner and S.E. Trumbore. 2011. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature 478(4367): 49-56.
DOI: 10.1038/nature10386View Article
Google Scholar
Scholes, R.J. and D. Hall. 1996. The carbon budget of tropical savannas, woodlands and grasslands. Global change, effects on coniferous forest and grasslands. SCOPE (ed. by Breymeyer, A.I., I.D. Hall, J.M. Melillo and G.I. Agren), pp. 69-100. John Wiley, New York.
Shahid, M. and S.P. Joshi. 2015. Biomass and Carbon Stock Assessment in Moist Deciduous Forests of Doon Valley, Western Himalaya, India. Taiwania 60(2):71-76.
DOI: 10.6165/tai.2015.60.71View Article
Google Scholar
Sheikh, M.A., M. Kumar, R.W. Bussman and N.P. Todaria. 2011. Forest carbon stocks and fluxes in physiographic zones of India. Carbon Balance Manag. 6(1):15.
DOI: 10.1186/1750-0680-6-15View Article
Google Scholar
Siebert, S. 2002. From shade to sun-grown perennial crops in Sulawesi, Indonesia: implications for biodiversity conservation and soil fertility. Biodiv. Conserv. 11(11):1889-1902.
DOI: 10.1023/A:1020804611740View Article
Silva, L.C.R., W.A. Hoffmann, D.R. Rossatto, M. Haridasan, A.C. Franco and W.R. Horwath. 2013. Can savannas become forests? A coupled analysis of nutrient stocks and fire thresholds in central Brazil. Plant Soil 373(1-2): 829-842.
DOI: 10.1007/s11104-013-1822-xView Article
Google Scholar
Slik, J.W.F., S.-I. Aiba, F.Q. Brearley, C.H. Cannon, O. Forshed, K. Kitayama, H. Nagamasu, R. Nilus, J. Payne, G. Paoli, A.D. Poulsen, N. Raes, D. Sheil, K. Sidiyasa, E. Suzuki and J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg. 2010. Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneo's tropical forests. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 19(1): 50-60.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00489.xView Article
Google Scholar
Sundarapandian, S.M., J.A. Dar, D.S. Gandhi, S. Kantipudi and K. Subashree. 2013. Estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in tropical dry forests in Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu, India. Int. J. Env. Sci. Eng. Res. 4(3): 66-76.
Switzer, G.L., L.E. Nelson and W.H. Smith. 1968. The mineral cycling in forest stands. In: Tenessee Valley Authority (Ed.), Forest Fertilization, theory and practice, pp. 1-9.
Tamil Nadu Forest Department. http://forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/ws_kws.html
Thokchom, A. and P.S. Yadava. 2016a. Carbon dynamics in an Imperata grassland in Northeast India. Tropical Grasslands
DOI: 10.17138/TGFT(4)19-28View Article
Google Scholar
Thokchom, A. and P.S. Yadava. 2016b. Changes in the seasonal cycle of carbon stocks and fluxes due to fires in the grassland ecosystem of Manipur, Northeast India. Curr. Sci. 110(6): 1088-1094.
DOI: 10.18520/cs/v110/i6/1088-1094View Article
Google Scholar
Trumbore, S. 2000. Age of soil organic matter and soil respiration: radiocarbon constraints on belowground C dynamics. Ecol. Appl. 10(2): 399-411.
DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0399:AOSOMA]2.0.CO;2View Article
Google Scholar
Ullah, M.R. and M. Al-Amin. 2012. Above- and below-ground carbon stock estimation in a natural forest of Bangladesh. J. For. Sci. 58(8): 372-379.
UNESCO, World Heritage Convention: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342
Wedraogo, F.X., G. Belgy and J. Berthelin. 1993. Seasonal nitrification measurements with different species of forest litter applied to granite-sand-filled lysimeters in the field. Biol. Fertil. Soils 15(1): 28-34.
DOI: 10.1007/BF00336284View Article
Google Scholar
White, R.P., S. Murray, M. Rohweder, S.D. Prince and K.M. Thompson. 2000. Grassland Ecosystems. World Resources Institute Washington, DC, USA.
DOI: 10.1016/B978-008043781-1/50007-4View Article
Google Scholar
Woziwoda B., A. Parzych and D. Kope?. 2014. Species diversity, biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration in the understorey of post-agricultural Scots pine forests. Silva Fenn. 48(4): 1119.
DOI: 10.14214/sf.1119View Article
Google Scholar
Yam, G., and O. Tripathi. 2015. Floristic Diversity, Community Characteristics and above Biomass of Woody Species in Subtropical forests of Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh. Indian For. 141: 12.
Yin, K., L. Zhang, D. Chen, Y. Tian, F. Zhang, M. Wen and C. Yuan. 2016. Understory herb layer exerts strong controls on soil microbial communities in subtropical plantations. Sci. Rep. 6(1): 27066.
DOI: 10.1038/srep27066View Article
Google Scholar
Zaragoza, M.J.G., E.C. Aranico, A.D. Tampus and R,F. Amparado Jr. 2016. Carbon stock assessment of three different vegetative covers in Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte, Philippines. AES Bioflux 8(2): 205-220.