Research Paper

Embryology and systematic position of Corokia A. Cunn. (Argophyllaceae, Asterales)

Ashok K. Bhatnagar, Arun K. Pandey

Published on: 09 April 2021

Page: 141 - 159

DOI: 10.6165/tai.2021.66.141

Abstract

Embryology of Corokia has been studied in order to utilize the data for taxonomic considerations. Anther wall consists of epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The ontogeny conforms to Dicotyledonous type. Pollen grains are spheroidal and three-zonocolporate. The ovules are anatropous, unitegmic, and tenuinucellate with a distinct endothelium. Embryo sac development is of Polygonum type. Development of the endosperm is of Cellular type. Both chalazal and micropylar endosperm haustoria are present. The embryogeny conforms to the Chenopodiad type. At the mature embryo sac stage, the integument consists of 1012 layers of cells. In the mature seed only the outer epidermis of the integument persists. The ripe fruit is drupaceous with stony endocarp. Based on embryological characters, considered together with relevant information on morphology, anatomy, cytology and chemotaxonomy of groups regarded related in the past, Corokia deserves to be elevated to the rank of a family, Corokiaceae. The Corokiaceae can be appropriately placed, along with Stylidiaceae, in the order Asterales.

Keyword: Corokia, Gametogenesis, Embryo, Endosperm, Fruit, Seed, Sporogenesis, Taxonomic Relationships

Literature Cited

Al-Shammary, K. and R. Gornall 1994. Trichome anatomy of the Saxifragaceae s.l. from the southern hemisphere. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 114(2): 99–131.
DOI: 10.1006/bojl.1994.1007View Article Google Scholar

Berezenko, N. and V. Liferova 1970. Some observations of embryology of Grossularia reclinata Mill. Ukr. Bot. J. 27: 318–324.

Bhatnagar, A.K. and R. Rawat-Bisht 2008. Air cavities in anther connective of Mastixia arborea (Cornaceae). Phytomorphology 58: 81–83.

Burns, G.P. 1900. Beitrage zur kenntnis der Stylidiaceen. Flora 87: 313–354.

Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The Seeds of Dicotyledons. Vols. I & II. Cambridge, U.K.

Cronquist, A. 1968. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. London, U.K.

Cronquist, A. 1988. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. The New York Botanical Garden. New York, USA.

Dahlgren, R. 1975. A system of classification of the angiosperms to be used to demonstrate the distribution of characters. Bot. Not. 128: 119 – 147.

Dahlgren, R. 1980. A revised system of classification of the angiosperms. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80(2): 91–124.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.xView Article Google Scholar

Dahlgren, R. 1983. General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics. Nord. J. Bot. 3(1): 119–149.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.xView Article Google Scholar

Dahlgren, G. 1989. The last Dahlgrenogram. System of classification of dicotyledons. In: Davis & Hedge Festchrift: 249–260.

Davis, G.L. 1966. Systematic embryology of the angiosperms. John Wiley, New York

Engler, A. 1930. Saxifragaceae. In: Engler, A., Prantl, K., (eds.) Not. Pflanzenfam. 2. Aufl., 74–226.

Erdtman, G. 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy: Angiosperms. Waltham Mass and Stockholm.

Eyde, R.H. 1966. Systematic anatomy of the flower and fruit of Corokia. Am. J. Bot. 53(8): 833–847.
DOI: 10.2307/2440187View Article Google Scholar

Eyde, R.H. 1988. Comprehending Cornus: Puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. Bot. Rev. 54(3): 233–351.
DOI: 10.1007/BF02868985View Article Google Scholar

Fairbrothers, D., T. Mabry, R. Scogin and B. Turner 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: chemotaxonomy. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62(3): 765–800.
DOI: 10.2307/2395273View Article Google Scholar

Fairbrothers, D.E. 1983. Evidence from nucleic acid and protein chemistry, in particular serology, in angiosperm classification. Nord. J. Bot. 3(1): 35–41.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01443.xView Article Google Scholar

Feder, N. and T.P. O’Brien 1968. Plant Microtechnique: some principles and new methods. Am. J. Bot. 55(1): 123–142.
DOI: 10.2307/2440500View Article Google Scholar

Gardner, R. 1975. A survey of the distribution of binucleate and trinucleate pollen in the New Zealand flora. N. Z. J. Bot. 13(3): 361–366.
DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1975.10430333View Article Google Scholar

Gibbs, R.D. 1974. Chemotaxonomy of Flowering Plants: Four Volumes. McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP.

Goldberg, A. 1986. Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the families of Dicotyledons Smithsonian contributions to botany. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

Harms, H. 1898. Cornaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K, (eds.), Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. III, 8: 250–270.

Hegnauer, R. 1965. Chemismus and systematische Stellung der Cornaceae. Beitrage zur Biochemie and Physiologie von Naurstoffen. Jena, Germany.

Hegnauer, R. 1969. Chemical evidence for the classification of some plant taxa. In: Harborne, JB, Swain T, eds. Perspectives I Phytochemistry. London, U. K. 121–138.

Hideux, M.J. and I.K. Ferguson. 1976. The stereostructure of the exine and its evolutionary significance in Saxifragaceae sensu lato. In: Ferguson, I.K., Miller, J. (eds.), The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine. New York, U.S.A. 327–377.

Horne, A.S. 1914. VIII. A Contribution to the Study of the Evolution of the Flower, with special reference to the Hamamelidaceae, Caprifoliaceae, and Cornaceae. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond: Botany 8(7): 239–309.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1914.tb00286.xView Article Google Scholar

Huber, H. 1963. Verwandtschaftsverh?ltnisse der Rosifloren. Mitt. Bot. St Samml. Munch. 5: 1–48.

Hutchinson, J. 1959. The families of flowering plants. Vol. I., 2nd Edition. Oxford, U.K.

Jensen, S.R. 1975. Iridoid compounds, their occurrence and systematic importance in the angiosperms. Bot. Not. 128:148–180.

Johri, B.M., K.B. Ambegaokar and P.S. Srivastava 1992. Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer, Berlin, 862–898.

Kapil, R.N. and A.K. Bhatnagar 1974. Stomata on leaves and floral parts of Corokia. Botanische Jahrb?cher f?r Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 94: 257–266.

Kapil, R.N. and A.K. Bhatnagar 1991. Embryological evidence in angiosperm classification and phylogeny. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 113: 309–338.

Kapil, R.N. and A.K. Bhatnagar 1992. Embryology and systematic position of Corokia Cunn.. In: Proceedings XI International Symposium on Embryology and seed reproduction (Abstract). Leningrad. 1990. St. Petersburg: Nauka.

Kapil, R.N. and P.M. Rao 1966. Studies of Garryaceae. 2. Embryology and systematic position of Garrya Douglas ex Lindley. Phytomorphology 16: 564–578.

Kaur, H. 1970. Cornaceae. In: Proc. Symp. On Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad. Bull. No. 41. New Delhi, India. 230–232.

Krach, J. 1976. Seed anatomy of the Rosiflora. I. The seeds of the Saxifragaceae [Taxonomy]. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 97:1–60.

Lundberg, J. and K. Bremer 2003. A phylogenetic study of the order Asterales using one morphological and three molecular data sets. Int. J. Plant Sci. 164 (4): 553–578.
DOI: 10.1086/374829View Article Google Scholar

Melchior, H. 1964. A. Engler’s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien 12. Angiospermen 2: 666 Berlin, Germany.

Meylan, B. and B. Butterfield 1975. Occurrence of simple, multiple, and combination perforation plates in the vessels of New Zealand woods. N. Z. J. Bot. 13(1): 1–18.
DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1975.10428879View Article Google Scholar

Paliwal, G. and L. Kakkar 1970. Leaf anatomy of some Garrya species. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 63(1): 81–90.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1970.tb02304.xView Article Google Scholar

Palser, B.F. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: embryology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62(3): 621–646.
DOI: 10.2307/2395269View Article Google Scholar

Patel, R.N. 1973a. Wood Anatomy of the Dicotyledons Indigenous to New Zealand: 1. Cornaceae. N. Z. J. Bot. 11(1): 3–22.
DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1973.10430261View Article Google Scholar

Patel, R.N. 1973b. Wood anatomy of the dicotyledons indigenous to New Zealand: 2. Escalloniaceae. N. Z. J. Bot. 11(3): 421–434.
DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1973.10430292View Article Google Scholar

Philipson, W.R. and M.N. Philipson 1973. A comparison of the embryology of Forstera L. and Donatia JR & G. Forst. N. Z. J. Bot. 11(3): 449–460.
DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1973.10430295View Article Google Scholar

Philipson, W.R. 1967. Griselinia Forst. fil. - anomaly or link. N. Z. J. Bot. 5(1): 134–165.
DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1967.10430187View Article Google Scholar

Popova, A.E. 1965. Formation and development of generative organs of the black current (Ribes nigrum L.). Ukr. Bot. J. 22: 83–89.

Pyykk?, M. 1968. Embryological and anatomical studies on Finnish species of the Pyrolaceae. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 5: 153–165.

Rao, P.R.M. 1972. Embryology of Nyssa sylvatica, and systematic consideration of the family Nyssaceae. Phytomorphology 22: 8–21.

Raoul, E. 1846. Choix de plantes de la Nouvelle-Z?lande. Fortin. Masson et Cie, Paris.

Raven, P. H. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: cytology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62(3): 724–764.
DOI: 10.2307/2395272View Article Google Scholar

Rodriguez, R. 1971. The relationships of the Umbellales. In: Heywood, V. H. (ed.). The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae: 63–91. London, U.K.

Sato, Y. 1976. Embryological studies of some cornaceous plants. Science Reports of the Research Institutes, Tohoku University Ser. IV (Biol.) 37: 117–130.

Sohma, K. 1963. Pollen morphology of the Nyssaceae, II. Nyssa and Davidia. Science Reports of the Research Institutes, Tohoku University Ser. IV (Biol.) 33: 527–532.

Spongberg, S.A. 1972. The genera of Saxifragaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 53: 409–498.

Subramanyam, K. 1950. An embryological study of Levenhookia dubia Sond in Lehm. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci., India B: 245–253.

Subramanyam, K. 1951. A morphological study of Stylidium graminifolium. Lloydia 14: 65–81.

Sugiura, T. 1936. A list of chromosome numbers in angiospermous plants. II. Proc. Imperial Acad. 12(5): 144–146.
DOI: 10.2183/pjab1912.12.144View Article Google Scholar

Takhtajan, A. 1969. Die Evolution der Angiospermen. Gustav. Fischer Verlag, Jena, Germany.

Takhtajan, A. 1987. Systems Magnoliophytorum. Academia Scientiarum URSS, Leningrad.

Tandon, S.R. and J.M. Herr, Jr. 1971. Embryological features of taxonomic significance in the genus Nyssa. Can. J. Bot. 49(4): 505–514.
DOI: 10.1139/b71-080View Article Google Scholar

Terechin, E.S. 1962. O rasvitie sarodsej u nekotorych Pyroleae Monotropoideae. Botanical Zh., Kyyiv 47: 1811–1816.

Thorne, R. 1973. Inclusion of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) in the Araliaceae. Edinberg Royal Botanical Garden Notes. 32: 161–165.

Thorne, R.F. 1983. Proposed new realignments in the angiosperms. Nord. J. Bot. 3(1): 85–117.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.xView Article Google Scholar

Wangerin, W. 1910. Cornaceae. In: Engler, A. (ed.). Das Pflanzenreich. Heft 41 (IV. 224), Leipzig. 1–110.

Willis, J.C. 1973. A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns. Ed. 8, Cambridge, U. K.

Yamazaki, T. 1975. Floral anatomy and embryology of Tripetaleia paniculata and T. bracteata (Ericaceae). Bot. Mag. 88(4): 267–279, Tokyo.
DOI: 10.1007/BF02488369View Article Google Scholar