Literature Cited

Anacker, B. L., M. Gogol-Prokurat, K. Leidholm and S. Schoenig. 2013. Climate change vulnerability assessment of rare plants in California. Madro?o 60(3): 193–210.
DOI: 10.3120/0024-9637-60.3.193View Article Google Scholar

Anderson?Teixeira, K.J., S.J. Davies, A.C. Bennett, E. B. Gonzalez?Akre, H.C. Muller?Landau, S.J. Wright, K.A. Salim, A.M.A. Zambrano, A. Alonso, J.L. Baltzer, Y. Basset, N.A. Bourg, E.N. Broadbent, W.Y. Brockelman, S. Bunyavejchewin, D.F.R.P. Burslem, N. Butt, M. Cao, D. Cardenas, G.B. Chuyong, K. Clay, S. Cordell, H.S. Dattaraja, X. Deng, M. Detto, X. Du, A. Duque, D.L. Erikson, C.E.N. Ewango, G.A. Fischer, C. Fletcher, R.B. Foster, C.P. Giardina, G.S. Gilbert, N. Gunatilleke, S. Gunatilleke, Z. Hao, W.W. Hargrove, T.B. Hart, B.C.H. Hau, F. He, F.M. Hoffman, R.W. Howe, S.P. Hubbell, F.M. Inman-Narahari, P.A. Jansen, M. Jiang, D.J. Johnson, M. Kanzaki, A.R. Kassim, D. Kenfack, S. Kibet, M.F. Kinnaird, L. Korte, K. Kral, J. Kumar, A.J. Larson, Y. Li, X. Li, S. Liu, S.K.Y. Lum, J.A. Lutz, K. Ma, D.M. Maddalena, J.-R. Makana, Y. Malhi, T. Marthews, R.M.Serudin, S.M. McMahon, W.J. McShea, H.R. Memiaghe, X. Mi, T. Mizuno, M. Morecroft, J.A. Myers, V. Novotny, A.A. de Oliveira, P.S. Ong, D.A. Orwig, R. Ostertag, J. den Ouden, G.G. Parker, R.P. Phillips, L. Sack, M.N. Sainge, W. Sang, K. Sri-Ngernyuang, R. Sukumar, I-F. Sun, W. Sungpalee, H.S. Suresh, S. Tan, S.C. Thomas, D.W. Thomas, J. Thompson, B.L. Turner, M. Uriarte, R. Valencia, M.I. Vallejo, A. Vicentini, T. Vr?ka, X. Wang, X. Wang, G. Weiblen, A. Wolf, H. Xu, S. Yap, J. Zimmerman 2015. CTFS?forestGEO: A worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21(2): 528–549.
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12712View Article Google Scholar

Booth, T. H., H. A. Nix, J. R. Busby and M. F. Hutchinson. 2014. BIOCLIM: The first species distribution modelling package, its early applications and relevance to most current MAXENT studies. Diversity and Distributions 20(1): 1–9.
DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12144View Article Google Scholar

Breiman, L. 2001. Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45(1): 5–32.
DOI: 10.1023/A:1010933404324View Article

Brunialti, G. and L. Frati. 2021. Modeling of species distribution and biodiversity in forests. Forests 12(3): 319.
DOI: 10.3390/f12030319View Article Google Scholar

Chambers, J. and T. Hastie. 1992. Linear Models. Chapter 4 of statistical models in S. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole

Chapman, D., O. L. Pescott, H. E. Roy and R. Tanner. 2019. Improving species distribution models for invasive non?native species with biologically informed pseudo?absence selection. J. Biogeogr. 46(5): 1029–1040.
DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13555View Article Google Scholar

Chen, W. K. and C. Y. Tsai. 1983. The climate of Yangmingshan National Park. Yangmingshan National Park, Construction and Planning Agency Ministry of the Interior, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan

Dobrowski, S. Z. 2011. A climatic basis for microrefugia: The influence of terrain on climate. Glob. Chang. Biol. 17(2): 1022–1035.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02263.xView Article Google Scholar

Dubuis, A., J. Pottier, V. Rion, L. Pellissier, J. P. Theurillat and A. Guisan. 2011. Predicting spatial patterns of plant species richness: A comparison of direct macroecological and species stacking modelling approaches. Divers. Distrib. 17(6): 1122–1131.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00792.xView Article Google Scholar

Dupin, M., P. Reynaud, V. Jaro??k, R. Baker, S. Brunel, D. Eyre, J. Pergl, D. Makowski, S. Thrush. 2011. Effects of the training dataset characteristics on the performance of nine species distribution models: Application to Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Plos One 6(6): e20957
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020957View Article Google Scholar

Early, R. and D. F. Sax. 2014. Climatic niche shifts between species' native and naturalized ranges raise concern for ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23(12): 1356–1365.
DOI: 10.1111/geb.12208View Article Google Scholar

Elith, J. and J. R. Leathwick. 2009. Species distribution models: Ecological explanation and prediction across space and time. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40(1): 677–697.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120159View Article Google Scholar

Evans, M. E., S. A. Smith, R. S. Flynn and M. J. Donoghue. 2009. Climate, niche evolution, and diversification of the “bird?cage” evening primroses (Oenothera, Sections Anogra and Kleinia). Am. Nat. 173(2): 225–240.
DOI: 10.1086/595757View Article Google Scholar

Fick, S. E. and R. J. Hijmans. 2017. Worldclim 2: New 1?km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 37(12): 4302–4315.
DOI: 10.1002/joc.5086View Article Google Scholar

Fois, M., G. Fenu, A. C. Lombrana, D. Cogoni and G. Bacchetta. 2015. A practical method to speed up the discovery of unknown populations using species distribution models. J. Nat. Conserv. 24: 42–48.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2015.02.001View Article Google Scholar

Germino, M. J., W. K. Smith and A. C. Resor. 2002. Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone. Plant Ecol. 162(2): 157–168.
DOI: 10.1023/A:1020385320738View Article

Gies, M., M. Sondermann, D. Hering and C. K. Feld. 2015. Are species distribution models based on broad-scale environmental variables transferable across adjacent watersheds? A case study with eleven macroinvertebrate species. Fundamental and Applied Limnology/Archiv f?r Hydrobiologie 186(1-2): 63–97.
DOI: 10.1127/fal/2014/0600View Article Google Scholar

Guillera?Arroita, G., J.J. Lahoz?Monfort, J. Elith, A. Gordon, H. Kujala, P.E. Lentini, M.A. McCarthy, R. Tingley, B.A. Wintle. 2015. Is my species distribution model fit for purpose? Matching data and models to applications. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24(3): 276–292.
DOI: 10.1111/geb.12268View Article Google Scholar

Hegel, T.M., S.A. Cushman, J. Evans and F. Huettmann. 2010. Current State of the Art for Statistical Modelling of Species Distributions. In: Cushman, S.A. and F. Huettmann (eds). Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation, 273–311 pp. Springer, Tokyo.
DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-87771-4_16View Article Google Scholar

Hoch, G. and C. Korner. 2003. The carbon charging of pines at the climatic treeline: A global comparison. Oecologia 135(1): 10–21.
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-002-1154-7View Article Google Scholar

Hsieh, C. F., W. C. Chao, C. C. Liao, K. C. Yang and T. H. Hsieh. 1997. Floristic composition of the evergreen broad-leaved forests of Taiwan. Nat. Hist. Res. 4: 1–16.

Kier, G., H. Kreft, T. M. Lee, W. Jetz, P. L. Ibisch, C. Nowicki, J. Mutke, W. Barthlott. 2009. A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. PNAS 106(23): 9322–9327.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810306106View Article Google Scholar

Korner, C. 1998. A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation. Oecologia 115(4): 445–459.
DOI: 10.1007/s004420050540View Article Google Scholar

Lannuzel, G., J. Balmot, N. Dubos, M. Thibault and B. Fogliani. 2021. High-resolution topographic variables accurately predict the distribution of rare plant species for conservation area selection in a narrow-endemism hotspot in New Caledonia. Biodivers. Conserv. 30(4): 963–990
DOI: 10.1007/s10531-021-02126-6View Article Google Scholar

Li, C.F., M. Chytr?, D. Zelen?, M.Y. Chen, T.Y. Chen, C.R. Chiou, Y.-J. Hsia, H.-Y. Liu, S.-Z. Yang, C.-L. Yeh, J.-C. Wang, C.-F. Yu, Y.-J. Lai, W.-C. Chao, C.-F. Hsieh, H. Bruelheide 2013. Classification of Taiwan forest vegetation. Appl. Veg. Sci. 16(4): 698–719.
DOI: 10.1111/avsc.12025View Article Google Scholar

Liang, W., M. Pape?, L. Tran, J. Grant, R. Washington-Allen, S. Stewart and G. Wiggins. 2018. The effect of pseudo-absence selection method on transferability of species distribution models in the context of non-adaptive niche shift. Ecol Model 388: 1–9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.09.018View Article Google Scholar

Liao, C.C., S.C. Kuo and C.R. Chang. 2012. Forest distribution on small isolated hills and implications on woody plant distribution under threats of global warming. Taiwania 57(3): 242–250.
DOI: 10.6165/tai.2012.57(3).242View Article Google Scholar

Liao, C.C., C.R. Chang, M.T. Hsu and W.K. Poo. 2014. Experimental evaluation of the sustainability of dwarf bamboo (Pseudosasa usawai) sprout-harvesting practices in Yangminshan National Park, Taiwan. Environ. Manage. 54(2): 320–330.
DOI: 10.1007/s00267-014-0296-9View Article Google Scholar

Liao, C. C. and Y. H. Chen. 2021. Improving performance of species distribution model in mountainous areas with complex topography. Ecol. Res. 36(4): 648–662.
DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12227View Article Google Scholar

Liaw, A. and M. Wiener. 2002. Classification and regression by random forest. R news 2: 18–22.

Liu, B., E. Liang and L. Zhu. 2011. Microclimatic conditions for Juniperus saltuaria treeline in the Sygera Mountain, Southeastern Tibetan plateau. Mt. Res. Dev. 31(1): 45–53.
DOI: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00096.1View Article Google Scholar

Lobo, J. M., A. Jim?nez?Valverde and R. Real. 2008. AUC: A misleading measure of the performance of predictive distribution models. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 17(2): 145–151.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00358.xView Article Google Scholar

Mohapatra, J., C. P. Singh, M. Hamid, A. Verma, S. C. Semwal, B. Gajmer, A.A. Khuroo, A. Kumar, M.C. Nautiyal, N. Sharma, H.A. Pandya. 2019. Modelling Betula utilis distribution in response to climate-warming scenarios in Hindu-Kush Himalaya using random forest. Biodivers. Conserv. 28(8-9): 2295–2317.
DOI: 10.1007/s10531-019-01731-wView Article Google Scholar

Pearse, I. S. and A. L. Hipp. 2012. Global patterns of leaf defenses in oak species. Evolution 66(7): 2272–2286.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01591.xView Article Google Scholar

Peng, D., L. Sun, H. W. Pritchard, J. Yang, H. Sun and Z. Li. 2019. Species distribution modelling and seed germination of four threatened snow lotus (Saussurea), and their implication for conservation. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 17: e00565.
DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00565View Article Google Scholar

Peterson, A. T., J. Sober?n, R. G. Pearson, R. P. Anderson, E. Mart?nez-Meyer, M. Nakamura and M. B. Ara?jo. 2011. Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49). Princeton University Press.

Porfirio, L.L., R.M. Harris, E.C. Lefroy, S. Hugh, S.F. Gould, G. Lee, N.L. Bindoff, B. Mackey, L. Kumar. 2014. Improving the use of species distribution models in conservation planning and management under climate change. Plos One 9(11): e113749.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113749View Article Google Scholar

Pradervand, J.-N., A. Dubuis, L. Pellissier, A. Guisan and C. Randin. 2014. Very high resolution environmental predictors in species distribution models: Moving beyond topography? Prog. Phys. Geog. 38(1): 79–96.
DOI: 10.1177/0309133313512667View Article Google Scholar

Qian, H. 2017. Climatic correlates of phylogenetic relatedness of woody angiosperms in forest communities along a tropical elevational gradient in South America. J. Plant Ecol. 11(3): 394–400.
DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rtx006View Article Google Scholar

Qiao, H., X. Feng, L. E. Escobar, A. T. Peterson, J. Sober?n, G. Zhu and M. Pape?. 2019. An evaluation of transferability of ecological niche models. Ecography 42(3): 521–534.
DOI: 10.1111/ecog.03986View Article Google Scholar

Senay, S. D., S. P. Worner and T. Ikeda. 2013. Novel three-step pseudo-absence selection technique for improved species distribution modelling. Plos One 8(8): e71218.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071218View Article Google Scholar

Smith, W.K., M.J. Germino, D.M. Johnson and K. Reinhardt. 2009. The altitude of alpine treeline: A bellwether of climate change effects. Bot Rev 75(2): 163–190.
DOI: 10.1007/s12229-009-9030-3View Article Google Scholar

Stevens, G. C. and J. F. Fox. 1991. The causes of treeline. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 22(1): 177–191.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.001141View Article Google Scholar

Thuiller, W., D. Georges, R. Engler, F. Breiner, M. D. Georges and C. W. Thuiller. 2016. Package ‘biomod2’. Species distribution modeling within an ensemble forecasting framework.

Title, P. O. and J. B. Bemmels. 2018. ENVIREM: An expanded set of bioclimatic and topographic variables increases flexibility and improves performance of ecological niche modeling. Ecography 41(2): 291–307.
DOI: 10.1111/ecog.02880View Article Google Scholar

Tomlinson, S., W. Lewandrowski, C. P. Elliott, B. P. Miller and S. R. Turner. 2020. High?resolution distribution modeling of a threatened short?range endemic plant informed by edaphic factors. Ecol. Evol. 10(2): 763–777.
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5933View Article Google Scholar

Tsoar, A., O. Allouche, O. Steinitz, D. Rotem and R. Kadmon. 2007. A comparative evaluation of presence?only methods for modelling species distribution. Divers. Distrib. 13(4): 397–405.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00346.xView Article Google Scholar

Wisz, M. S. and A. Guisan. 2009. Do pseudo-absence selection strategies influence species distribution models and their predictions? An information-theoretic approach based on simulated data. BMC Ecology 9(1): 1–13.
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-9-8View Article Google Scholar

Xu, Y., Y. Huang, H. Zhao, M. Yang, Y. Zhuang and X. Ye. 2021. Modelling the effects of climate change on the distribution of endangered Cypripedium japonicum in china. Forests 12(4): 429.
DOI: 10.3390/f12040429View Article Google Scholar

Zhu, Y., W. Wei, H. Li, B. Wang, X. Yang and Y. Liu. 2018. Modelling the potential distribution and shifts of three varieties of Stipa tianschanica in the eastern Eurasian steppe under multiple climate change scenarios. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 16: e00501.
DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00501View Article Google Scholar