Research Paper
Identifying characteristics of post-landslide habitats and potential native herbaceous species for revegetation after landslides across Taiwan
Kai-Chi Hsu, Jian-Hong Yang, Chuan-Kai Hsieh, Shin-Hwei Lin, Guo-Zhang Michael Song
Published on: 03 January 2025
Page: 8 - 26
DOI: 10.6165/tai.2025.70.8
Abstract
In Taiwan, using exotic plants for landslide revegetation has sparked concerns over biological invasion. This study focuses on identifying native herbaceous species suitable for landslide revegetation across Taiwan. We analyzed environmental factors of post-landslide habitats (PLHs) island-wide and developed a classification system with 20 habitat types, which were organized by elevation (0–3,100 m) and aspect. A preliminary list of 319 species with potential for landslide revegetation was established with three sources: revegetation guidebooks, field studies, and expert questionnaires. These species were refined to 42 native species by excluding exotics and less-mentioned or -abundant species. Many of these native species were characterized by traits of long-distance dispersal, heat, and drought tolerance, which can promote plant establishment and survival in PLHs. To determine species suitable for the 20 identified PLHs, we used GIS to segment Taiwan into these habitat categories and assessed the presence frequency of the 42 species across them. The analysis indicated that the number of suitable species decreases with elevation, with a shift towards temperate species at higher altitudes, while the aspect had minimal impact on species suitability. This suggests that elevation is a key determinant in selecting appropriate species for revegetation. Our study developed a systematic method for compiling a native species list for Taiwan's varied PLHs, highlighting the importance of native plant diversity in sustainable landslide recovery and ecosystem restoration, while reducing the risks of biological invasions by minimizing the use of exotic species.
Keyword: Environmental stress, herbaceous plants, landslide, native plants, revegetation, restoration
Literature Cited
Abraham, J., Thomas, T.D. 2016 Recent advances in Asteraceae tissue culture. In: Anis, M., Ahmad, N. (eds.), Plant Tissue Culture: Propagation, conservation and crop improvement, 161–195 pp. Springer Singapore.
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1917-3_9View Article
Google Scholar
Acevedo, M., ?lvarez-Maldini, C., Dumroese, R.K., Bannister, J.R., Cartes, E., Gonz?lez, M. 2021 Native plant production in Chile. Is it possible to achieve restoration goals by 2035? Land 10(1): 71.
DOI: 10.3390/land10010071View Article
Google Scholar
Adekalu, K.O., Olorunfemi, I.A., Osunbitan, J.A. 2007 Grass mulching effect on infiltration, surface runoff and soil loss of three agricultural soils in Nigeria. Bioresour. Technol. 98(4): 912–917.
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.02.044View Article
Google Scholar
Aerts, R., Ewald, M., Nicolas, M., Piat, J., Skowronek, S., Lenoir, J., Hattab, T., Garzon-Lopez, C.X., Feilhauer, H., Schmidtlein, S., Rocchini, D., Decocq, G., Somers, B., Van De Kerchove, R., Denef, K., Honnay, O. 2017 Invasion by the alien tree Prunus serotina aters ecosystem functions in a temperate deciduous forest. Front. Plant Sci. 8: 179.
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00179View Article
Google Scholar
Agriculture, M.O. 2024 Public AgriData exchange. Published on the internet; https://data.coa.gov.tw/index.aspx. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
Ak?nc?, ?., L?sel, D.M. 2012 Plant water-stress response mechanisms. In: Ismail Md., Rahman M. (ed.), Water stress. 15: 42. IntechOpen Limited, London, UK.
DOI: 10.5772/29578View Article
Google Scholar
Alonso-Amelot, M.E. 2008 High altitude plants, chemistry of acclimation and adaptation. In: Atta-ur-Rahman (ed.), Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 34: 883–982. Elsevier, New York., USA.
DOI: 10.1016/S1572-5995(08)80036-1View Article
Google Scholar
Andersen, M.C. 1992 An analysis of variability in seed settling velocities of several wind?dispersed Asteraceae. Am. J. Bot. 79(10): 1087–1091.
DOI: 10.2307/2445206View Article
Google Scholar
Baker, N.R., Long, S.P., Ort, D. 1988 Photosynthesis and temperature, with particular reference to effects on quantum yield. In Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 42: 347–375.
Balestrini, R., Lumini, E., Borriello, R., Bianciotto, V. 2015 Plant–soil biota interactions. In: Eldor A. P. (ed.), Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry, 311–338pp. Elsevier, London, UK.
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-415955-6.00011-6View Article
Google Scholar
Basher, L.R. 2013 Erosion processes and their control in New Zealand. In: Dymond, J. R. (ed.), Ecosystem services in New Zealand: conditions and trends. Manaaki Whenua Press, 363–374. Manaaki Whenua Press, New Zealand.
Beale, C., Bint, D., Long, S. 1996 Leaf photosynthesis in the C4-grass Miscanthus x giganteus, growing in the cool temperate climate of southern England. J. Exp. Bot. 47(2): 267–273.
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/47.2.267View Article
Google Scholar
Beard, J.S. 1955 The classification of tropical American vegetation-types. Ecology 36(1): 89–100.
DOI: 10.2307/1931434View Article
Google Scholar
Beattie, A.J., Lyons, N. 1975 Seed Dispersal in Viola (Violaceae): adaptations and strategies. Am. J. Bot. 62(7): 714–722.
DOI: 10.2307/2442060View Article
Google Scholar
Benvenuti, S. 2007 Weed seed movement and dispersal strategies in the agricultural environment. Weed Biol. Manag. 7(3): 141–157.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2007.00249.xView Article
Google Scholar
Bischoff, A., Steinger, T., M?ller-Sch?rer, H. 2010 The importance of plant provenance and genotypic diversity of seed material used for ecological restoration. Restor. Ecol. 18(3): 338–348.
Boulangeat, I., Lavergne, S., Van Es, J., Garraud, L., Thuiller, W. 2012 Niche breadth, rarity and ecological characteristics within a regional flora spanning large environmental gradients. J. Biogeogr. 39(1): 204–214.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02581.xView Article
Google Scholar
Box, E.O., Fujiwara, K. 2015 Warm-temperate deciduous forests around the Northern hemisphere, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-01261-2View Article
Bradley, B.A., Houghtonw, R.A., Mustard, J.F., Hamburg, S.P. 2006 Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the Western US. Glob. Change Biol. 12(10): 1815–1822.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01232.xView Article
Google Scholar
Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932 Plant sociology. The study of plant communities, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., London, UK. 439pp.
Bray, J.R., Curtis, J.T. 1957 An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monogr. 27(4): 326–349.
DOI: 10.2307/1942268View Article
Google Scholar
Brouat, C., Chevallier, H., Meusnier, S., Noblecourt, T., Rasplus, J.Y. 2004 Specialization and habitat: spatial and environmental effects on abundance and genetic diversity of forest generalist and specialist Carabus species. Mol. Ecol. 13(7): 1815–1826.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02206.xView Article
Google Scholar
B?chi, L., Vuilleumier, S. 2014 Coexistence of specialist and generalist species is shaped by dispersal and environmental factors. Am. Nat. 183(5): 612–624.
DOI: 10.1086/675756View Article
Google Scholar
Burnett, B.N., Meyer, G.A., McFadden, L.D. 2008 Aspect?related microclimatic influences on slope forms and processes, northeastern Arizona. J. Geophys. Res-Earth 113: F03002.
DOI: 10.1029/2007JF000789View Article
Google Scholar
Burri, K., Graf, F., B?ll, A. 2009 Revegetation measures improve soil aggregate stability: a case study of a landslide area in Central Switzerland. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 82(1): 45–60.
Calle, Z., Henao?Gallego, N., Giraldo, C., Armbrecht, I. 2013 A comparison of vegetation and ground?dwelling ants in abandoned and restored gullies and landslide surfaces in the Western Colombian Andes. Restor. Ecol. 21(6): 729–735.
DOI: 10.1111/rec.12001View Article
Google Scholar
Campbell, B., Wardle, D., Woods, P., Field, T., Williamson, D.Y., Barker, G. 1996 Ecology of subtropical grasses in temperate pastures: an overview. Proc. New Zealand Grassl. Assoc. 57: 189–197.
DOI: 10.33584/jnzg.1995.57.2155View Article
Google Scholar
Cardinale, B.J., Duffy, J.E., Gonzalez,A., Hooper, D.U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G.M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D.A., Kinzig, A.P., Daily, G.C., Loreau, M., Grace, J.B., Larigauderie, A., Srivastava, D.S., Naeem, S. 2012 Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486(7401): 59–67.
DOI: 10.1038/nature11373View Article
Google Scholar
Chalise, D., Kumar, L., Kristiansen, P. 2019 Land degradation by soil erosion in Nepal: A review. Soil syst. 3(1): 12.
DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems3010012View Article
Google Scholar
Chang, D., Zhang, L., Cheuk, J. 2014 Mechanical consequences of internal soil erosion. Hkie Transactions 21(4): 198–208.
DOI: 10.1080/1023697X.2014.970746View Article
Google Scholar
Chen, C.-F., Li, C.-F., Huang, C.-M., Lin, H.-Y., Zeleny, D. 2022 Secondary succession on landslides in submontane forests of central Taiwan: Environmental drivers and restoration strategies. Appl. Veg. Sci. 25(1): e12635.
DOI: 10.1111/avsc.12635View Article
Google Scholar
Chiang, T.-R. 2004 Studies on the revegetation on the landslide area in Central Taiwan. Master's thesis, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Chiatante, D., Scippa, S.G., Di Iorio, A., Sarnataro, M. 2002 The influence of steep slopes on root system development. J. Plant Growth Regul. 21(4): 247–260.
DOI: 10.1007/s00344-003-0012-0View Article
Google Scholar
Corlett, R.T. 2013 Where are the Subtropics? Biotropica 45(3): 273–275.
DOI: 10.1111/btp.12028View Article
Google Scholar
Cowie, B.W., Byme, M.J., Witkowski, E.T.F., Strathie, L.W., Goodall, J.M., Venter, N. 2020 Parthenium avoids drought: Understanding the morphological and physiological responses of the invasive herb to progressive water stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 171: 103945.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103945View Article
Google Scholar
Dalling, J., Tanner, E. 1995. An experimental study of regeneration on landslides in montane rain forest in Jamaica. J. Ecol. 83(1): 55–64.
DOI: 10.2307/2261150View Article
Google Scholar
Day, F.P., Monk, C.D. 1974 Vegetation patterns on a southern Appalachian watershed. Ecology 55(5): 1064–1074.
DOI: 10.2307/1940356View Article
Google Scholar
de Azevedo, J., Franco, J.N., Vale, C.G., Lemos, M.F.L., Arenas, F. 2023 Rapid tropicalization evidence of subtidal seaweed assemblages along a coastal transitional zone. Sci. Rep. 13(1): 11720.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38514-xView Article
Google Scholar
De Frenne, P., Lenoir, J., Luoto, M., Scheffers, B.R., Zellweger, F., Aalto, J., Ashcroft, M.B., Christiansen, D.M., Decocq, G., De Pauw, K., Govaert, S., Greiser, C., Gril, E., Hampe, A., Jucker, T., Klinges, D.H., Koelemeijer, I.A., Lembrechts, J.J., Marrec, R., Meeussen, C., Ogee, J., Tyystjarvi, V., Vangansbeke, P., Hylander, K. 2021 Forest microclimates and climate change: Importance, drivers and future research agenda. Glob. Change Biol. 27(11): 2279–2297.
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15569View Article
Google Scholar
de Moraes, M.G., de Carvalho, M.A.M., Franco, A.C., Pollock, C.J., Figueiredo-Ribeiro, R.C.L. 2016 Fire and drought: soluble carbohydrate storage and survival mechanisms in herbaceous plants from the Cerrado. BioScience 66(2): 107–117.
DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv178View Article
Google Scholar
Denelle, P., Violle, C., Munoz, F., Consortium, D. 2020 Generalist plants are more competitive and more functionally similar to each other than specialist plants: insights from network analyses. J. Biogeo. 47(9): 1922–1933.
DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13848View Article
Google Scholar
Dierig, D.A., Adam, N.R., Mackey, B.E., Dahlquist, G.H., Coffelt, T.A. 2006. Temperature and elevation effects on plant growth, development, and seed production of two species. Ind. Crops Prod. 24(1): 17–25.
DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.10.004View Article
Google Scholar
Duane, W.J., Pepin, N.C., Losleben, M.L., Hardy, D.R. 2008 General characteristics of temperature and humidity variability on Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 40(2): 323–334.
DOI: 10.1657/1523-0430(06-127)[DUANE]2.0.CO;2View Article
Google Scholar
Dunteman, G.H. 1989 Principal components analysis (Vol. 69), SAGE, State of California, USA. 96pp.
Ehrenfeld, J.G. 2003. Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6(6): 503–523.
DOI: 10.1007/s10021-002-0151-3View Article
Google Scholar
EL Sabagh, A., Hossain, A., Islam, M.S., Fahad, S., Ratnasekera, D., Meena, R.S., Wasaya, A., Yasir, T., Ikram, M., Mubeen, M. 2020 Nitrogen fixation of Ldgumes under the Familiy Fabaceae: Adverse effect of Abiotic stresses and mitigation strategies. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Ara?jo S. and Gill, S.S. (eds.), The Plant Family Fabaceae: Biology and Physiological Responses to Environmental Stresses, 75–111pp, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4752-2_4View Article
Google Scholar
Ferraro, A., Scremin-Dias, E. 2017 Structural features of species of Asteraceae that arouse discussions about adaptation to seasonally dry environments of the Neotropics. Acta bot. bras. 32(1): 113–127.
DOI: 10.1590/0102-33062017abb0246View Article
Google Scholar
Fetcher, N., Haines, B.L., Cordero, R.A., Lodge, D.J., Walker, L.R., Fernandez, D.S., Lawrence, W.T. 1996 Responses of tropical plants to nutrients and light on a landslide in Puerto Rico. J. Ecol. 84(3): 331–341.
DOI: 10.2307/2261196View Article
Google Scholar
Figueiredo-Ribeiro, R. 1986 Reserve carbohydrates in underground organs of native Brazilian plants. Revista Brasil. Bot. 9(2): 159–166.
Forestry and Nature Conservation Agency, MOA, ROC. 2024 Catalogue of Life in Taiwan (TaiCOL). Published on the internet; https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/api. Retrieved 05 March 2024.
Frei, E.R., Ghazoul, J., Matter, P., Heggli, M., Pluess, A.R. 2014 Plant population differentiation and climate change: responses of grassland species along an elevational gradient. Glob. Change Biol. 20(2): 441–455.
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12403View Article
Google Scholar
Fukano, Y., Yamori, W., Misu, H., Sato, M.P., Shirasawa, K., Tachiki, Y., Uchida, K. 2023 From green to red: Urban heat stress drives leaf color evolution. Sci. Adv. 9(42): eabq3542.
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3542View Article
Google Scholar
Gairola, K., Nautiyal, A., Dwivedi, A. 2011 Effect of temperatures and germination media on seed germination of Jatropha curcas Linn. Adv. Biores. 2(2): 66–71.
Gallaher, T.J., Peterson, P.M., Soreng, R.J., Zuloaga, F.O., Li, D.-Z., Clark, L.G., Tyrrell, C.D., Welker, C.A.D., Kellogg, E.A., Teisher, J.K. 2022 Grasses through space and time: An overview of the biogeographical and macroevolutionary history of Poaceae. J. Syst. Evol. 60(3): 522–569.
DOI: 10.1111/jse.12857View Article
Google Scholar
Gheyret, G., Mohammat, A., Tang, Z.Y. 2020 Elevational patterns of temperature and humidity in the middle Tianshan Mountain area in Central Asia. J. Mt. Sci. 17(2): 397–409.
DOI: 10.1007/s11629-019-5481-0View Article
Google Scholar
Girmay, H., Tewolde-Berhan, S., Hishe, H., Asfaw, Z., Ruelle, M., Power, A. 2020 Use and management of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L., Fabaceae) local morphotypes by communities in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. For. Trees Livelihoods 29(2): 81–98.
DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2020.1737582View Article
Google Scholar
Gossen, R.R.S., Tyrl, R.J., Hauhouot, M., Peeper, T.F., Claypool, P.L., Solie, J.B. 1998 Effects of mechanical damage on cheat (Bromus secalinus) caryopsis anatomy and germination. Weed Sci. 46(2): 249–257.
DOI: 10.1017/S0043174500090494View Article
Google Scholar
Gray, D.H., Sotir, R.B. 1996 Biotechnical and soil bioengineering slope stabilization: a practical guide for erosion control, John Wiley & Sons, State of New Jersey, USA. 400pp.
Gutterman, Y., Ginott, S. 1994 Long-term protected'seed bank'in dry inflorescences of Asteriscus pygmaeus; achene dispersal mechanism and germination. J. Arid Environ. 26(2): 149–163.
DOI: 10.1006/jare.1994.1019View Article
Google Scholar
Gya, R., Geange, S.R., Lynn, J.S., Topper, J.P., Wallevik, O., Zernichow, C., Vandvik, V. 2023 A test of local adaptation to drought in germination and seedling traits in populations of two alpine forbs across a 2000 mm/year precipitation gradient. Ecol. Evol. 13(2): e9772.
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9772View Article
Google Scholar
Habibi, G., Ajory, N. 2015 The effect of drought on photosynthetic plasticity in plants growing at low and high altitudes. J. Plant Res. 128(6): 987–994.
DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0748-1View Article
Google Scholar
Hale, A.N., Lapointe, L., Kalisz, S. 2016 Invader disruption of belowground plant mutualisms reduces carbon acquisition and alters allocation patterns in a native forest herb. New Phytol. 209(2): 542–549.
DOI: 10.1111/nph.13709View Article
Google Scholar
Hamilton, L.S. 1995 Mountain cloud forest conservation and research - a synopsis. Mt. Res. Dev. 15(3): 259–266.
DOI: 10.2307/3673933View Article
Google Scholar
Harfouche, A., Meilan, R., Altman, A., Meilan, R. 2014 Molecular and physiological responses to abiotic stress in forest trees and their relevance to tree improvement. Tree Physiol. 34(11): 1181–1198.
DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu012View Article
Google Scholar
Hatfield, J.L., Prueger, J.H. 2015 Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development. Weather Clim. Extrem. 10: 4–10.
DOI: 10.1016/j.wace.2015.08.001View Article
Google Scholar
Hawkes, C.V., DeAngelis, K.M., Firestone, M.K. 2007 Root interactions with soil microbial communities and processes. In: Zoe G.C. and Julie L.W. (eds.), The Rhizosphere: An ecological perspective. 1–29pp, cademic press, State of Massachusetts, USA.
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088775-0/50003-3View Article
Google Scholar
Hellmann, J.J., Byers, J.E., Bierwagen, B.G., Dukes, J.S. 2008 Five potential consequences of climate change for invasive species. Conserv. Biol. 22(3): 534–543.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00951.xView Article
Google Scholar
Hensen, I., Muller, C. 1997 Experimental and structural investigations of anemochorous dispersal. Pl. Ecol. 133(2): 169–180.
DOI: 10.1023/A:1009744518223View Article
Google Scholar
Hernandez, J.O., Naeem, M., Zaman, W. 2023 How does changing environment influence plant seed movements as populations of dispersal vectors decline? Plants 12(7): 1462.
DOI: 10.3390/plants12071462View Article
Google Scholar
Hodges, T. 1991 Predicting crop phenology. CRC Press., Boca Raton, USA. 248pp.
Hodkinson, T.R. 2018 Evolution and taxonomy of the grasses (Poaceae): A model family for the study of species?rich groups. In: Roberts, JA, Tranbarger, T., Wagstaff, C., Wingler, A., Dijkwel, P., Stewart, D., Zhang, J., Rasmussen, A. and Lu, C. (eds.) Annual Plant Reviews Online, 255–294pp,Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, USA.
DOI: 10.1002/9781119312994.apr0622View Article
Google Scholar
Hoffmann, W.A., Lucatelli, V.M., Silva, F.J., Azeuedo, I.N., Marinho, M.S., Albuquerque, A.M.S., Lopes, A.O., Moreira, S.P. 2004 Impact of the invasive alien grass Melinis minutiflora at the savanna?forest ecotone in the Brazilian Cerrado. Divers. distrib. 10(2): 99–103.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00063.xView Article
Google Scholar
Hou, G.-R., Bi, H.-X., Huo, Y.-M., Wei, X.-Y., Zhu, Y.-J., Wang, X.-X., Liao, W.-C. 2020 Determining the optimal vegetation coverage for controlling soil erosion in grassland in North China. J. Clean. Prod. 244: 118771.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118771View Article
Google Scholar
Hsieh, C.-H., Shiao, T.-F., Yang, D.-W., Chen, J.-C. 2007 The distribution of temperature and humidity index (THI) in Taiwan. J. Taiwan Livestock Res. 40(4): 269–278.
Hsu, C.-C. 2015 The distribution patterns of Taiwan's mountain cloud forests. Forestry Research Newsletter 22(1): 5–8.
Huang, Y.M., Liu, D., An, S.S. 2015 Effects of slope aspect on soil nitrogen and microbial properties in the Chinese Loess region. Catena 125: 135–145.
DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2014.09.010View Article
Google Scholar
Huggel, C., Clague, J.J., Korup, O. 2012 Is climate change responsible for changing landslide activity in high mountains? Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 37(1): 77–91.
DOI: 10.1002/esp.2223View Article
Google Scholar
Ito, M. 1992 Biology of perennial weeds: As a basis for their control. Korean Journal of Weed Science 12(4): 309–316.
Jarvis, A., Mulligan, M. 2011 The climate of cloud forests. Hydrol. Process. 25(3): 327–343.
DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7847View Article
Google Scholar
Jezkova, T., Wiens, J.J. 2016 Rates of change in climatic niches in plant and animal populations are much slower than projected climate change. Proc. R. Soc. B 283(1843): 20162104.
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2104View Article
Google Scholar
Jiang H., Huang, J.-H., Chen, C.-Y., Yang, C.-Y., Yang, X.-Q. 1994 DCA ordination, quantitative classification and environmental interpretation of plant communities in Dongling Mountain. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 36(7): 359–551.
Jiao, X., K?rup, K., Andersen, M.N., Sacks, E.J., Zhu, X.G., L?rke, P.E., J?rgensen, U. 2017 Can miscanthus C4 photosynthesis compete with festulolium C3 photosynthesis in a temperate climate? GCB Bioenergy 9(1): 18–30.
DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12342View Article
Google Scholar
K?rner, C. 2007 The use of ‘altitude’in ecological research. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22(11): 569–574.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.006View Article
Google Scholar
Kalapos, T., Baloghn?-Nyakas, A., Csontos, P. 1997 Occurrence and ecological characteristics of C4 dicot and Cyperaceae species in the Hungarian flora. Photosynthetica 33(2): 227–240.
DOI: 10.1023/A:1022112329990View Article
Google Scholar
Kira, T. 1945 A new classification of climate in eastern Asia as the basis for agricultural geography. Horticultural Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Kondo, K., Uchida, T., Hayasaka, D., Tanaka, J., Sato, A., Arase, T. 2016 Vegetation succession on cut slopes covered with exotic grasses for erosion control, Mt. Sakurajima. Int. J. Geomate 11(23): 2136–2142.
DOI: 10.21660/2016.23.1176View Article
Google Scholar
Kraft, N.J.B., Adler, P.B., Godoy, O., James, E.C., Fuller, S., Levine, J.M. 2015 Community assembly, coexistence and the environmental filtering metaphor. Funct. Ecol. 29(5): 592–599.
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12345View Article
Google Scholar
Ladouceur, E., Jim?nez?Alfaro, B., Marin, M., De Vitis, M., Abbandonato, H., Iannetta, P.P.M., Bonomi, C., Pritchard, H.W. 2018 Native seed supply and the restoration species pool. Conserv. Lett. 11(2): e12381.
DOI: 10.1111/conl.12381View Article
Google Scholar
Landis, T.D., Wilkinson, K.M., Steinfeld, D.E., Riley, S.A., Fekaris, G.N. 2005 Roadside revegetation of forest highways: New applications for native plants. Native Plants Journal 6(3): 297–305.
DOI: 10.2979/NPJ.2005.6.3.297View Article
Google Scholar
Lee, Y.-J. 2017 A synthesized biophysical and social vulnerability assessment for Taiwan. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 94: 012161.
DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/94/1/012161View Article
Google Scholar
Lehouck, V., Spanhove, T., Demeter, S., Groot, N.E., Lens, L. 2009 Complementary seed dispersal by three avian frugivores in a fragmented Afromontane forest. J. Veg. Sci. 20(6): 1110–1120.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01109.xView Article
Google Scholar
Levins, R. 1968 Evolution in changing environments. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey, USA. 132pp.
DOI: 10.1515/9780691209418View Article
Litton, C.M., Sandquist, D.R., Cordell, S. 2008 A non?native invasive grass increases soil carbon flux in a Hawaiian tropical dry forest. Glob. Change Biol. 14(4): 726–739.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01546.xView Article
Google Scholar
Liu, C.C., Ko, M.H., Wen, H.L., Fu, K.L., Chang, S.T. 2019 Instability index derived from a landslide inventory for watershed stability assessment and mapping. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 8(3): 145.
DOI: 10.3390/ijgi8030145View Article
Google Scholar
Liu, M., Zhang, D.S., Pietzarka, U., Roloff, A. 2021 Assessing the adaptability of urban tree species to climate change impacts: A case study in Shanghai. Urban For. Urban Green. 62: 127186.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127186View Article
Google Scholar
Liu, Y.F., Qi, M.F., Li, T.L. 2012 Photosynthesis, photoinhibition, and antioxidant system in tomato leaves stressed by low night temperature and their subsequent recovery. Pl. Sci. 196: 8–17.
DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.005View Article
Google Scholar
Lomolino, M.V., Riddle, B.R., Whittaker, R.J., Brown, J.H. 2010 Biogeography (Vol. 385). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Long, S., East, T., Baker, N. 1983 Chilling damage to photosynthesis in young Zea mays: I. Effects of light and temperature variation on photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. J. Exper. Bot. 34(2): 177–188.
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/34.2.177View Article
Google Scholar
Mandel, J.R., Dikow, R.B., Siniscalchi, C.M., Thapa, R., Watson, L.E., Funk, V.A. 2019 A fully resolved backbone phylogeny reveals numerous dispersals and explosive diversifications throughout the history of Asteraceae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116(28): 14083–14088.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903871116View Article
Google Scholar
Martorell, C., Mart?nez-L?pez, M. 2014 Informed dispersal in plants: (Asteraceae) adjusts its dispersal mode to escape from competition and water stress. Oikos 123(2): 225–231.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00715.xView Article
Google Scholar
Mazer, S.J. 1989 Ecological, taxonomic, and life history correlates of seed mass among indiana dune angiosperms: ecological archives M059-001. Ecol. Monogr. 59(2): 153–175.
DOI: 10.2307/2937284View Article
Google Scholar
McClean, C.J., Lovett, J.C., K?per, W., Hannah, L., Sommer, J.H., Barthlott, W., Barthlott, W., Termansen, M., Smith, G.E., Tokamine, S., Taplin, J.R.D. 2005 African plant diversity and climate change. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92(2): 139–152.
Meles, M.B., Younger, S.E., Jackson, C.R., Du, E., Drover, D. 2020 Wetness index based on landscape position and topography (WILT): Modifying TWI to reflect landscape position. J. Environ. Manag. 255: 109863.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109863View Article
Google Scholar
Milligan, G.W., Sokol, L.M. 1980 A two-stage clustering algorithm with robust recovery characteristics. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 40(3): 755–759.
DOI: 10.1177/001316448004000320View Article
Google Scholar
Ministry of the Interior, ROC. 2024 Digital Terrain Model Value-added application platform. Published on the internet; https://dtm.moi.gov.tw/v2. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
Mishra, P.K., Rai, A., Abdelrahman, K., Rai, S.C., Tiwari, A. 2022 Land degradation, overland flow, soil erosion, and nutrient loss in the Eastern Himalayas, India. Land 11(2): 179.
DOI: 10.3390/land11020179View Article
Google Scholar
Mitra, S., MuKherjee, S.K. 2017 Asteraceae of India: its diversity and phytogeographical affinity. In: Ansari, A.A., Gill, S.S., Abbas, Z.K., Naeem, M. (eds.), Plant Biodiversity: Monitoring, assessment and conservation, 36–70pp, CABI, Wallingford, UK.
DOI: 10.1079/9781780646947.0036View Article
Google Scholar
Moeslund, J. E., Arge, L., B?cher, P. K., Dalgaard, T., Svenning, J. C. 2013 Topography as a driver of local terrestrial vascular plant diversity patterns. Nord. J. Bot. 31(2): 129–144.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00082.xView Article
Google Scholar
Mohammad, A. 2008 The effect of slope aspect on soil and vegetation characteristics in southern West Bank. Bethlehem University Journal 27: 9–25.
Montgomery, D.R. 2001 Slope distributions, threshold hillslopes, and steady-state topography. Am. J. Sci. 301(4–5): 432–454.
DOI: 10.2475/ajs.301.4-5.432View Article
Google Scholar
Morgan, P., Moy, M., Droske, C.A., Lentile, L.B., Lewis, S.A., Robichaud, P.R., Hudak, A.T. 2014 Vegetation response after post-fire mulching and native grass seeding. Fire Ecol. 10(3): 49–62.
DOI: 10.4996/fireecology.1003049View Article
Google Scholar
Murphy, B.P., Bowman, D.M. 2012 What controls the distribution of tropical forest and savanna? Ecol. Lett. 15(7): 748–758.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01771.xView Article
Google Scholar
Nakanishi, H. 2002 Splash seed dispersal by raindrops. Ecol. Res. 17(6): 663–671.
DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00524.xView Article
Google Scholar
Narayanan, S., Prasad, P., Fritz, A., Boyle, D., Gill, B. 2015 Impact of high night?time and high daytime temperature stress on winter wheat. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 201(3): 206–218.
DOI: 10.1111/jac.12101View Article
Google Scholar
Neto, C., Cardigos, P., Oliveira, S.C., Z?zere, J.L. 2017 Floristic and vegetation successional processes within landslides in a Mediterranean environment. Sci. Total Environ. 574: 969–981.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.119View Article
Google Scholar
Niculi??, M. 2020 Landslide hazard induced by climate changes in North-Eastern Romania. In: Walter L. F., Gustavo J. N., Marco B., Pastor D. C. M. and Artur M. (eds), Climate Change, Hazards and Adaptation Options: Handling the Impacts of a Changing Climate, 245–265pp, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-37425-9_13View Article
Google Scholar
National Science and Technology Council, ROC. 2024 Taiwan Climate Change Projection Information and Adaptation Knowledge Platform (TCCIP). Published on the internet; https://tccip.ncdr.nat.gov.tw/. Retrieved 07 April 2024.
Ohmura, A. 2012 Enhanced temperature variability in high-altitude climate change. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 110(4): 499–508.
DOI: 10.1007/s00704-012-0687-xView Article
Google Scholar
Palmgren, M.G., Edenbrandt, A.K., Vedel, S.E., Andersen, M.M., Landes, X., ?sterberg, J.T., Falhof, J., Olsen, L.I., Christensen, S.B., Sand?e, P. 2015 Are we ready for back-to-nature crop breeding? Trends Plant Sci. 20(3): 155–164.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.003View Article
Google Scholar
Pfadenhauer, J.S., Kl?tzli, F.A. 2020 Zonal Vegetation of the Subtropical (Warm–Temperate) Zone with Year-Round Rain. In Pfadenhauer, J.S., Kl?tzli, F.A. (eds.) Global vegetation: Fundamentals, ecology and distribution, 405–454pp, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49860-3_7View Article
Google Scholar
Picarelli, L., Lacasse, S., Ho, K.K. 2021 The impact of climate change on landslide hazard and risk. In Sassa, K., Miko?, M., Sassa, S., Bobrowsky, P.T., Takara, K., Dang, K. (eds) Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk 1: 131–141pp, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60196-6_6View Article
Google Scholar
Pimentel, D., Kounang, N. 1998 Ecology of soil erosion in ecosystems. Ecosystems 1(5): 416–426.
DOI: 10.1007/s100219900035View Article
Google Scholar
Pinto, H.V., Villa, P.M., de Menezes, L.F.T., Pereira, M.C.A. 2020 Effect of climate and altitude on plant community composition and richness in Brazilian inselbergs. J. Mt. Sci. 17(8): 1931–1941.
DOI: 10.1007/s11629-019-5801-4View Article
Google Scholar
Primack, R.B. 1987 Relationships among flowers, fruits, and seeds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 18(1): 409–430.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002205View Article
Google Scholar
Rahbek, C. 1995 The elevational gradient of species richness: a uniform pattern? Ecography 18(2): 200–205.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1995.tb00341.xView Article
Google Scholar
Ramos, S.J., Gastauer, M., Mitre, S.K., Caldeira, C.F., Silva, J.R., Neto, A.E.F., Oliveira, G., Souza, P.W.M., Siqueira, J.O. 2020 Plant growth and nutrient use efficiency of two native Fabaceae species for mineland revegetation in the eastern Amazon. J. For. Res. 31(6): 2287–2293.
DOI: 10.1007/s11676-019-01004-wView Article
Google Scholar
Rangan, P., Wankhede, D.P., Subramani, R., Chinnusamy, V., Malik, S.K., Baig, M.J., Singh, K., Henry, R. 2022 Evolution of an intermediate C4 photosynthesis in the non-foliar tissues of the Poaceae. Photosynth. Res. 153(3): 125–134.
DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00926-7View Article
Google Scholar
Rathore, N., Kumar, P., Mehta, N., Swarnkar, M.K., Shankar, R., Chawla, A. 2022 Time-series RNA-Seq transcriptome profiling reveals novel insights about cold acclimation and de-acclimation processes in an evergreen shrub of high altitude. Sci. Rep. 12(1): 15553.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19834-wView Article
Google Scholar
Ratnam, J., Bond, W.J., Fensham, R.J., Hoffmann, W.A., Archibald, S., Lehmann, C.E., Anderson, M.T., Higgins, S.I., Sankaran, M. 2011 When is a ‘forest’a savanna, and why does it matter? Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 20(5): 653–660.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00634.xView Article
Google Scholar
Rees, M., Westoby, M. 1997 Game-theoretical evolution of seed mass in multi-species ecological models. Oikos 78(1): 116–126.
DOI: 10.2307/3545807View Article
Google Scholar
Reisch, C., Rosbakh, S. 2021 Patterns of genetic variation in European plant species depend on altitude. Diver. Distr. 27(1): 157–163.
DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13177View Article
Google Scholar
Rianna, G., Comegna, L., Mercogliano, P., Picarelli, L. 2016 Potential effects of climate changes on soil–atmosphere interaction and landslide hazard. Nat. Hazards 84(2): 1487–1499.
DOI: 10.1007/s11069-016-2481-zView Article
Google Scholar
Richmond, C.E., Breitburg, D.L., Rose, K.A. 2005 The role of environmental generalist species in ecosystem function. Ecol. Model. 188(2–4): 279–295.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.002View Article
Google Scholar
Ringselle, B., Oliver, B.W., Berge, T.W., Floistad, I.S., Berge, L., Brands?ter, L.O., Fried, G. 2021 Dry weight minimum in the underground storage and proliferation organs of six creeping perennial weeds. Weed Res. 61(3): 231–241.
DOI: 10.1111/wre.12476View Article
Google Scholar
Rojas-Sandoval, J. 2018 Chloris barbata (purpletop chloris). Forest, The live, CABI, Wallingford. UK.
Roumet, C., Urcelay, C., D?az, S. 2006 Suites of root traits differ between annual and perennial species growing in the field. New Phytol. 170(2): 357–368.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01667.xView Article
Google Scholar
Saito, H., Uchiyama, S., Teshirogi, K. 2022 Rapid vegetation recovery at landslide scars detected by multitemporal high-resolution satellite imagery at Aso volcano, Japan. Geomorphology 398: 107989.
DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107989View Article
Google Scholar
Salisbury, E.J. 1942 The reproductive capacity of plants. Studies in quantitative biology, George Bell & Sons, London, UK. 244pp.
Sandoval-Castillo, J., Gates, K., Brauer, C.J., Smith, S., Bernatchez, L., Beheregaray, L.B. 2020 Adaptation of plasticity to projected maximum temperatures and across climatically defined bioregions. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 117(29): 17112–17121.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921124117View Article
Google Scholar
Sangelantoni, L., Gioia, E., Marincioni, F. 2018 Impact of climate change on landslides frequency: the Esino river basin case study (Central Italy). Nat. Hazards 93(2): 849–884.
DOI: 10.1007/s11069-018-3358-0View Article
Google Scholar
Schmitz, D.C., Simberloff, D. 1997 Biological invasions: A growing threat. Issues in Science and Technology 13(4): 33–40.
Schnitzer, M., Khan, S.U. 1975 Soil organic matter, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Nederland. 318pp.
Schofield, R., Taylor, A.W. 1955 The measurement of soil pH. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 19(2): 164–167.
DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1955.03615995001900020013xView Article
Google Scholar
Schuldt, A., Bruelheide, H., Durka, W., Eichenberg, D., Fischer, M., Krober, W., Hardtle, W., Ma, K., Michalski, S.G., Palm, W.U., Schmid, B., Welk, E., Zhou, H., Assmann, T. 2012 Plant traits affecting herbivory on tree recruits in highly diverse subtropical forests. Ecol. Lett. 15(7): 732–739.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01792.xView Article
Google Scholar
Scotton, M., Andreatta, D. 2021 Anti-erosion rehabilitation: Effects of revegetation method and site traits on introduced and native plant cover and richness. Sci. Total Environ. 776: 145915.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145915View Article
Google Scholar
Seager, R., Ting, M., Held, I., Kushnir, Y., Lu, J., Vecchi, G., Huang, H. P., Harnik, N., Leetmaa, A., Lau, N.-C., Li, C., Velez, J., Naik, N. 2007 Model projections of an imminent transition to a more arid climate in southwestern North America. Science 316(5828): 1181–1184.
DOI: 10.1126/science.1139601View Article
Google Scholar
Shelef, O., Weisberg, P.J., Provenza, F.D. 2017 The value of native plants and local production in an era of global agriculture. Front. Plant Sci. 8: 2069.
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02069View Article
Google Scholar
Shirazi, M.A., Boersma, L. 1984 A unifying quantitative-analysis of soil texture. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48(1): 142–147.
Singh, J., Singh, K. 1967 Contribution to the ecology of ten noxious weeds. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 46: 440–451.
DOI: 10.1177/097490982012060ivSView Article
Google Scholar
Slatyer, R.A., Hirst, M., Sexton, J.P. 2013 Niche breadth predicts geographical range size: a general ecological pattern. Ecol. Lett. 16(8): 1104–1114.
DOI: 10.1111/ele.12140View Article
Google Scholar
Southwood, T.R.E. 1988 Tactics, strategies and templets. Oikos 52(1): 3–18.
DOI: 10.2307/3565974View Article
Google Scholar
Sparrius, L.B., van den Top, G.G., van Swaay, C.A.M. 2018. An approach to calculate a Species Temperature Index for flora based on open data. Gorteria 40(1): 73–78.
Stage, A.R., Salas, C. 2007 Interactions of elevation, aspect, and slope in models of forest species composition and productivity. For. Sci. 53(4): 486–492.
DOI: 10.1093/forestscience/53.4.486View Article
Google Scholar
Su, H.-J. 1984 Studies on the climate and vegetation types of the natural forest in Taiwan.(II): Altitudinal vegetation zones in relation to temperature gradient. Quart. J. Chin. Forest. 17: 57–73.
Swemmer, A.M., Bond, W.J., Donaldson, J., Hempson, G.P., Malherbe, J., Smit, I.P.J. 2018 The ecology of drought - a workshop report. S. Afr. J. Sci. 114(9–10): 11–13.
DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2018/5098View Article
Google Scholar
Taiwan Biodiverity Research Institute, MOA, ROC. 2024 Taiwan Biodiversity Network (TBN). Published on the internet; https://www.tbn.org.tw/. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
Tamura, M., Tharayil, N. 2014 Plant litter chemistry and microbial priming regulate the accrual, composition and stability of soil carbon in invaded ecosystems. New Phytol. 203(1): 110–124.
DOI: 10.1111/nph.12795View Article
Google Scholar
Thomasson, J.R. 1985 Miocene fossil grasses: possible adaptation in reproductive bracts (lemma and palea). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72(4): 843–851.
DOI: 10.2307/2399226View Article
Google Scholar
Toker, C., Canci, H., Yildirim, T. 2007 Evaluation of perennial wild species for drought resistance. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 54(8): 1781–1786.
DOI: 10.1007/s10722-006-9197-yView Article
Google Scholar
Tranquillini, W. 1964 The physiology of plants at high altitudes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 15(1): 345–362.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pp.15.060164.002021View Article
Google Scholar
Tzvelev, N.N. 1989 The system of grasses (Poaceae) and their evolution. Bot. Rev. 55(3): 141–204.
DOI: 10.1007/BF02858328View Article
Google Scholar
Vaughn, K.J., Biel, C., Clary, J.J., de Herralde, F., Aranda, X., Evans, R.Y., Young, T.P., Sav?, R. 2011 California perennial grasses are physiologically distinct from both Mediterranean annual and perennial grasses. Pl. Soil 345(1–2): 37–46.
DOI: 10.1007/s11104-011-0757-3View Article
Google Scholar
Volaire, F. 2003 Seedling survival under drought differs between an annual (Hordeum vulgare) and a perennial grass (Dactylis glomerata). New Phytol. 160(3): 501–510.
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00906.xView Article
Google Scholar
Wagle, R.F. 1981 Fire: Its effects on plant succession and wildlife in the southwest: University of Arizona, USA.
Walker, L.R., Zarin, D.J., Fetcher, N., Myster, R.W., Johnson, A.H. 1996 Ecosystem development and plant succession on landslides in the Caribbean. Biotropica 28(4): 566–576.
DOI: 10.2307/2389097View Article
Google Scholar
Wand, S.J., Midgley, G.F., Jones, M.H., Curtis, P.S. 1999 Responses of wild C4 and C3 grass (Poaceae) species to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration: a meta?analytic test of current theories and perceptions. Glob. Change Biol. 5(6): 723–741.
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00265.xView Article
Google Scholar
Wang, C.-Z., Hsu, S.-M., Ke, C.-C., Su, T.-W.,, Lee, J.-F. 2009 The relationship between soil thickness and slope gradient in Taiwan mountain area. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Current Researches in Geotechnical Engineering, I-lan, Taiwan. 2–28 pp.
Wang, J., Liu, G.Q., Ma, D.L., Yang, D.F. 2020 Water and soil conservation technology of steep slope based on artificial vegetation restoration. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 446(3): 032044.
DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/446/3/032044View Article
Google Scholar
Wang, J.J., Zhao, D., Liang, Y., Wen, H.B. 2013 Angle of repose of landslide debris deposits induced by 2008 Sichuan Earthquake. Eng. Geol. 156: 103–110.
DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.01.021View Article
Google Scholar
Wang, N., Liu, L., Zhang, Y., Cao, X. 2022 A modern pollen data set for the forest–meadow–steppe ecotone from the Tibetan Plateau and its potential use in past vegetation reconstruction. Boreas 51(4): 847–858.
DOI: 10.1111/bor.12589View Article
Google Scholar
Wang, W., Vinocur, B., Altman, A. 2003 Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta 218(1): 1–14.
DOI: 10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5View Article
Google Scholar
Wani, Z.A., Negi, V.S., Bhat, J.A., Satish, K., Kumar, A., Khan, S., Dhyani, R., Siddiqui, S., Al-Qthanin, R.N., Pant, S. 2023 Elevation, aspect, and habitat heterogeneity determine plant diversity and compositional patterns in the Kashmir Himalaya. Front. For. Glob. Change 6: 1019277.
DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1205202View Article
Google Scholar
Went, F. 1953 The effect of temperature on plant growth. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 4(1): 347–362.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pp.04.060153.002023View Article
Google Scholar
Wiens, D. 1984 Ovule survivorship, brood size, life history, breeding systems,and reproductive success in plants. Oecologia 64(1): 47–53.
DOI: 10.1007/BF00377542View Article
Google Scholar
Wilkinson, L., Friendly, M. 2009 The history of the cluster heat map. Am. Stat. 63(2): 179–184.
DOI: 10.1198/tas.2009.0033View Article
Google Scholar
Willig, M.R., Kaufman, D.M., Stevens, R.D. 2003 Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: Pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34(1): 273–309.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032View Article
Google Scholar
Wilson, J.P., Gallant, J.C. 2000 Terrain analysis: principles and applications, John Wiley & Sons, State of New Jersey, USA.
Xu, Z., Chang, L. 2017 Asteraceae In: Xu, Z., Chang, L. (eds.), Identification and Control of Common Weeds: Volume 3. 441–721, Springer, Berlin, Germany. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5403-7_20View Article
Google Scholar
Yamanaka, K., Matsuo, K. 1962 Studies on soil hardness (part 1) on the soil hardness tester. Journal of the Science of Soil and Manure 33(7): 343–347.
Yang, J.-C. 1997 Study on the streamside vegetation of Tonghou stream in Wulai, Taipei County. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 12(3): 335–346.
DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.199709.0335View Article
Google Scholar
Yang, J.-H., Chang, L.-W., Hsu, K.-C., Fan, C.-C., Doley, D., Song, G.-Z. M. 2023 The nurse-plant effect under the dislodgement stress of landslides. iForest 16(2): 78.
DOI: 10.3832/ifor4017-015View Article
Google Scholar
Yang, J., El-Kassaby, Y.A., Guan, W. 2020 The effect of slope aspect on vegetation attributes in a mountainous dry valley, Southwest China. Sci. Rep. 10(1): 16465.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73496-0View Article
Google Scholar
Yang, S.-Z., Lee, C.-H. 2005 Study of the vegetation ecology of the eastern side of Hsinkangshan in the coastal range of Eastern Taiwan. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 20(4): 341–353.
DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200512.0341View Article
Google Scholar
Yanyan, Q., Holden, N., Qi, F., Meng, Z. 2017 Influence of slope aspect on plant cmmunity composition and its implications for restoration of a Chinese mountain range. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 26(1): 375–383.
DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/64458View Article
Google Scholar
Zeng, X.H., Zhang, W.J., Song, Y.G., Shen, H.T. 2014 Slope aspect and slope position have effects on plant diversity and spatial distribution in the hilly region of Mount Taihang, North China. J. Food Agric. Environ. 12: 391–397.
Zhang, J., Kirkham, M. 1995 Water relations of water?stressed, split?root C4 (Sorghum bicolor; Poaceae) and C3 (Helianthus annuus; Asteraceae) plants. Am. J. Bot. 82(10): 1220–1229.
DOI: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb12655.xView Article
Google Scholar
Ziegler, H., Batanouny, K.H., Sankhla, N., Vyas, O.P., Stichler, W. 1981 The photosynthetic pathway types of some desert plants from India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Iraq. Oecologia 48(1): 93–99.
DOI: 10.1007/BF00346993View Article
Google Scholar