Research Paper

Evaluating the discriminatory power of CBOL-Recommended DNA barcodes in the genus Setaria (Poaceae) from Taiwan

Chih-Hui Chen, Tzu-Yun Lee, Hsien-Chun Liao, Pei-Luen Lu

Published on: 23 March 2026

Page: 247 - 262

DOI: 10.6165/tai.2026.71.247

Abstract

DNA barcoding has emerged as a powerful tool for species identification, yet its efficacy can vary significantly across plant taxa. This study evaluates the discriminatory power of five DNA barcode loci—rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA, trnL-F, and ITS (internal transcribed spacer)—recommended by the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL), using Setaria (Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae) species in Taiwan as a case study. Our results demonstrate that ITS and trnL-F possess the highest discriminatory capacity due to their high sequence variability and PCR success rates. In contrast, trnH–psbA, although easily amplified, provided minimal discriminatory power among species. Core barcodes rbcL and matK showed moderate effectiveness. Notably, some closely related species, such as S. italica, S. viridis, and S. verticillata, could not be reliably distinguished using any single marker. A combined approach using ITS and trnL-F provided markedly improved discriminatory power among species. These findings highlight the importance of taxon-specific marker selection and support the use of multi-locus barcoding strategies for effective plant identification, particularly in taxonomically complex genera like Setaria.

Keyword: ITS, plant molecular taxonomy, phylogenetic resolution, Poaceae, Setaria, species discrimination, trnL-F

Literature Cited

Benabdelmouna, A., Shi, Y., Abirached-Darmency, M., Darmency, H. 2001 Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) discriminates between the A and the B genomes in diploid and tetraploid Setaria species. Genome 44(4): 685–690.
DOI: 10.1139/gen-44-4-685View Article Google Scholar

Bennetzen, J.L., Schmutz, J., Wang, H., Percifield, R., Hawkins, J., Pontaroli, A.C., Estep, M., Feng, L., Vaughn, J.N., Grimwood, J., Jenkins, J., Barry, K., Lindquist, E., Hellsten, U., Deshpande, S., Wang, X., Wu, X., Mitros, T., Triplett, J., Yang, X., Ye, C.-Y., Mauro-Herrera, M., Wang, L., Li, P., Sharma, M., Sharma, R., Ronald, P.C., Panaud, O., Kellogg, E.A., Brutnell, T.P., Doust, A.N., Tuskan, G.A., Rokhsar, D., Devos, K.M. 2012 Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria. Nat. Biotechnol. 30(6): 555–561.
DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2196View Article Google Scholar

Bleidorn, C. 2016 Third generation sequencing: technology and its potential impact on evolutionary biodiversity research. Syst. Biodivers. 14(1): 1–8.
DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2015.1099575View Article Google Scholar

Brutnell, T.P., Bennetzen, J.L., Vogel, J.P. 2015 Brachypodium distachyon and Setaria viridis: Model Genetic Systems for the Grasses. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 66: 465–485.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105528View Article Google Scholar

Brutnell, T.P., Wang, L., Swartwood, K., Goldschmidt, A., Jackson, D., Zhu, X.-G., Kellogg, E., Van Eck, J. 2010 Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis. The Plant Cell 22(8): 2537–2544.
DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.075309View Article Google Scholar

Caetano Wyler, S., Naciri, Y. 2016 Evolutionary histories determine DNA barcoding success in vascular plants: seven case studies using intraspecific broad sampling of closely related species. BMC Evol. Biol. 16(1): 103.
DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0678-0View Article Google Scholar

CBOL Plant Working Group: Hollingsworth, P.M., Forrest, L.L., Spouge, J.L., Hajibabaei, M., Ratnasingham, S., van der Bank, M., Chase, M.W., Cowan, R.S., Erickson, D.L., Fazekas, A.J., Graham, S.W., James, K.E., Kim, K.-J., Kress, W.J., Schneider, H., van AlphenStahl, J., Barrett, S.C.H., van den Berg, C., Bogarin, D., Burgess, K.S., Cameron, K. M., Carine, M., Chac?n, J., Clark, A., Clarkson, J.J., Conrad, F., Devey, D.S., Ford, C.S., Hedderson, T.A.J., Hollingsworth, M. L., Husband, B.C., Kelly, L.J., Kesanakurti, P.R., Kim, J.S., Kim, Y.-D., Lahaye, R., Lee, H.-L., Long, D.G., Madri??n, S., Maurin, O., Meusnier, I., Newmaster, S.G., Park, C.-W., Percy, D.M., Petersen, G., Richardson, J.E., Salazar, G.A., Savolainen, V., Seberg, O., Wilkinson, M.J., Yi, D.-K., Little, D.P. 2009 A DNA barcode for land plants. PNAS 106(31): 12794–12797.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905845106View Article Google Scholar

Chase, M., Cowan, R., Hollingsworth, P., van den Berg, C., Madri??n, S., Petersen, G., Seberg, O., Jorgsensen, T., Cameron, K., Carine, M., Pedersen, N., Hedderson, T., Conrad, F., Richardson, J.E., Hart, M., Barraclough, T., Kelly, L., Wilkinson, M. 2007 A proposal for a standardised protocol to barcode all land plants. Taxon 56(2): 295–299.
DOI: 10.1002/tax.562004View Article Google Scholar

Chen, C.-H., Kuoh, C.-S. 2006 Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) M.B. Moss ex Stapf & C.E. Hubb., a grass newly naturalized to Taiwan. Endemic Species Research 8: 83–86.

Chen, C.-H., Lin, C.-Y., Kuoh, C.-S. 2014 Grass Flora of Taiwan (2 of 3): Paniceae, Panicoideae. Endemic Species Research Institute, Jiji, Taiwan. 156 pp.

Chen, C.-H., Veldkamp, J.F., Kuoh, C.-S. 2011 Microstegium glabratum (Brongn.) A. Camus (Poaceae, Andropogoneae), a new record for Japan, China, and Taiwan, based on morphological and molecular evidence. Taiwania 56(2): 111–117. (see supplementary)
DOI: 10.6165/tai.2011.56(2).111View Article Google Scholar

Chen, C.-H., Veldkamp, J.F., Kuoh, C.-S., Tsai, C.-C., Chiang, Y.-C. 2009 Segregation of Leptatherum from Microstegium (Andropogoneae, Poaceae) confirmed by Internal Transcribed Spacer DNA sequences. Blumea 54(1): 175–180. (see supplementary)
DOI: 10.3767/000651909X476120View Article Google Scholar

Chiang, T.-Y., Schaal, B.A., Peng, C.-I. 1998 Universal primers for amplification and sequencing a noncoding spacer between the atpB and rbcL genes of chloroplast DNA. Bot. Bull. of Acad. Sin. 39: 245–250. (see supplementary)

China Plant BOL Group: Li, D.-Z., Gao, L.-M., Li, H.-T., Wang, H., Ge, X.-J., Liu, J.-Q., Chen, Z.-D., Zhou, S.-L., Chen, S.-L., Yang, J.-B., Fu, C.-X., Zeng, C.-X., Yan, H.-F., Zhu, Y.-J., Sun, Y.-S., Chen, S.-Y., Zhao, L., Wang, K., Yang, T., Duan, G.-W. 2011 Comparative analysis of a large dataset indicates that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) should be incorporated into the core barcode for seed plants. PNAS 108(49): 19641–19646.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104551108View Article Google Scholar

Cowan, R.S., Chase, M.W., Kress, W.J., Savolainen, V. 2006 300,000 species to identify: problems, progress, and prospects in DNA barcoding of land plants. Taxon 55(3): 611–616.
DOI: 10.2307/25065638View Article Google Scholar

Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R., Posada, D. 2012 jModelTest 2: More models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat. Methods 9(8): 772.
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2109View Article Google Scholar

Dong, W., Xu, C., Li, C., Sun, J., Zuo, Y., Shi, S., Cheng, T., Guo, J., Zhou, S. 2015 ycf1, the most promising plastid DNA barcode of land plants. Sci. Rep. 5: 8348.
DOI: 10.1038/srep08348View Article Google Scholar

Doust, A. N., Kellogg, E. A. 2002 Phylogeny and character evolution in the genus Setaria (Poaceae). Am. J. Bot. 89(8): 1203–1222.
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1203View Article Google Scholar

Doust, A.N., Penly, A.M., Jacobs, S.W.L., Kellogg, E.A. 2007 Congruence, Conflict, and Polyploidization Shown by Nuclear and Chloroplast Markers in the Monophyletic "Bristle Clade" (Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 32(3): 531–544.
DOI: 10.1600/036364407782250670View Article Google Scholar

Drumwright, A.M., Allen, B.W., Huff, K.A. Ritchey, P.A., Cahoon, A.B. 2011 Survey and DNA Barcoding of Poaceae in Flat Rock Cedar Glades and Barrens State Natural Area, Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Castanea 76(3): 300–310.
DOI: 10.2179/11-005.1View Article Google Scholar

Felsenstein, J. 1985 Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39(4): 783–791.
DOI: 10.2307/2408678View Article Google Scholar

Ferri, G., Al, M., Corradini, B., Beduschi, G. 2009 Forensic botany: species identification of botanical trace evidence using a multigene barcoding approach. Int. J. Leg. Med. 123(5): 395–401.
DOI: 10.1007/s00414-009-0356-5View Article Google Scholar

Fukunaga, K., Kawase, M. 2024 Crop evolution of foxtail millet. Plants 13(2): 218.
DOI: 10.3390/plants13020218View Article Google Scholar

Guindon, S., Gascuel, O. 2003 A simple, fast and accurate method to estimate large phylogenies by maximum-likelihood. Syst. Biol. 52(5): 696–704.
DOI: 10.1080/10635150390235520View Article Google Scholar

Hall, T.A. 1999 BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic acids symposium series 41: 95–98.

Hart, M., Clark, A., Forrest, L., Richardson, J.E., Pennington, R., Long, D., Cowan, R., Chase, M., Gaudeul, M., Hollingsworth, P. 2009 Selecting barcoding loci for plants: evaluation of seven candidate loci with species-level sampling in three divergent groups of land plants: DNA barcoding. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 9(2): 439–457.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02439.xView Article Google Scholar

Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L., deWaard, J.R. 2003 Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 270(1512): 313–321.
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2218View Article Google Scholar

Hodkinson, T.R., Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y., Kinney, M.S., Savolainen, V., Jacobs, Surrey W.L., Salamin, N. 2007 Supersizing: progress in documenting and understanding grass species richness. In: Hodkinson, T.R., Parnell, J.A.N. (eds.), Reconstructing the Tree of Life: Taxonomy and Systematics of Species Rich Taxa, pp.276–290. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
DOI: 10.1201/9781420009538-24View Article Google Scholar

Hodkinson, T.R. 2018 Evolution and Taxonomy of the Grasses (Poaceae): A Model Family for the Study of Species-Rich Groups. Annual Plant Reviews Online 1: 255–294.
DOI: 10.1002/9781119312994.apr0622View Article Google Scholar

Hollingsworth, P.M., Graham, S.W., Little, D.P. 2011 Choosing and Using a Plant DNA Barcode. Plos One 6(5): e19254.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019254View Article Google Scholar

Huang, P., Shyu, C., Coelho, C.P., Cao, Y., Brutnell, T.P. 2016 Setaria viridis as a Model System to Advance Millet Genetics and Genomics. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 1–9.
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01781View Article Google Scholar

Jia, G., Huang, X., Zhi, H., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Q., Li, W., Chai, Y., Yang, L., Liu, K., Lu, H., Zhu, C., Lu, Y., Zhou, C., Fan, D., Weng, Q., Guo, Y., Huang, T., Zhang, L., Lu, T., Feng, Q., Hao, H., Liu, H., Lu, P., Zhang, N., Li, Y., Guo, E., Wang, S., Wang, S., Liu, J., Zhang, W., Chen, G., Zhang, B., Li, W., Wang, Y., Li, H., Zhao, B., Li, J., Diao, X., Han, B. 2013 A haplotype map of genomic variations and genome-wide association studies of agronomic traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Nat Genet. 45(8): 957–961.
DOI: 10.1038/ng.2673View Article Google Scholar

Jung, M.-J., Chu, M.-K., Hsu, T.-C., Kao, R.-C., Dai, S.-S. 2012 Four newly naturalized grasses and rushes in Taiwan. Taiwania 57(4): 426–433.
DOI: 10.6165/tai.2012.57.426View Article Google Scholar

Kellogg, E.A. 2017 Evolution of Setaria. In Doust, A., Diao, X. (eds.) Genetics and Genomics of Setaria. Springer, Switzerland. 3–28.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45105-3_1View Article Google Scholar

Kellogg, E.A., Aliscioni, S.S., Morrone, O., Pensiero, J., Zuloaga, F. 2009 A Phylogeny of Setaria (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paniceae) and Related Genera Based on the Chloroplast Gene ndhF. Int. J. Plant Sci. 170(1): 117–131.
DOI: 10.1086/593043View Article Google Scholar

Kim, S., Kim, C.-S., Lee, J., Lee, I.-Y., Chung, Y.-J., Cho, M.-S., Kim, S.-C. 2015 Phylogenetic relationships among species of Setaria (Paniceae; Panicoideae; Poaceae) in Korea: insights from nuclear (ITS and kn1) and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Plant Syst. Evol. 301(2): 725–736.
DOI: 10.1007/s00606-014-1111-zView Article Google Scholar

Kress, W.J., Erickson, D.L. 2007 A Two-Locus Global DNA Barcode for Land Plants: The Coding rbcL Gene Complements the Non-Coding trnH-psbA Spacer Region. Plos One 2(6): e508.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000508View Article Google Scholar

Kress, W.J., Wurdack, K.J., Zimmer, E.A., Weigt, L.A., Janzen, D.H. 2005 Use of DNA barcodes to identify flowering plants. PNAS 102(23): 8369–8374.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503123102View Article Google Scholar

Kumar, K., Stecher, G., Tamura, S. 2021 MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Mol. Biol. Evol. 38(7): 3022–3027.
DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab120View Article Google Scholar

Lahaye, R., van der Bank, M., Bogarin, D., Warner, J., Pupulin, F., Gigot, G., Maurin, O., Duthoit, S., Barraclough, T.G., Savolainen, V. 2008 DNA barcoding the floras of biodiversity hotspots. PNAS 105(8): 2923–2928.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709936105View Article Google Scholar

Layton, D.J., Kellogg, E.A. 2014 Morphological, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of the new model species Setaria viridis (Poaceae: Paniceae) and its close relatives. Am. J. Bot. 101(3): 539–557.
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300428View Article Google Scholar

Letsiou, S., Madesis, P., Vasdekis, E., Montemurro, C., Grigoriou, M.E., Skavdis, G., Moussis, V., Koutelidakis, A.E., Tzakos, A.G. 2024 DNA barcoding as a plant identification method. Appl. Sci. 14(4): 1415.
DOI: 10.3390/app14041415View Article Google Scholar

Li, P., Brutnell, T.P. 2011 Setaria viridis and Setaria italica, model genetic systems for the Panicoid grasses. J. Exp. Bot. 62(9): 3031–3037.
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err096View Article Google Scholar

Li, W., Zhi, H., Wang, Y.-F., Li, H.-Q., Diao, X.-M. 2012 Assessment of Genetic Relationship of Foxtail Millet with Its Wild Ancestor and Close Relatives by ISSR Markers. J. Integr. Agric. 11(4): 556–566.
DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(12)60042-2View Article Google Scholar

Lindberg, C.L. 2016 Evolution of growth rates in Pooideae (Poaceae). Master's thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ?s, Norway. (see supplementary)
DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0006122View Article Google Scholar

Liu, H.-Y. 2000 Paniceae. In: Boufford, D. E., Hsieh, C.-F., Huang, T.-C., Kuoh, C.-S., Ohasi, H. Su, H.-J. (eds), Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed. 5: 453–521. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Dept. Bot. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Liu, J., Zhou, S., Li, C., Dong, W., Yang, R. 2014 DNA barcoding of Leymus (Poaceae). JRAAS 2: 1–11.

Loera-S?nchez, M., Studer, B., K?lliker, R. 2020 DNA barcode trnH-psbA is a promising candidate for efficient identification of forage legumes and grasses. BMC Res. Notes 13(1): 35.
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-4897-5View Article Google Scholar

L?pez-Alvarez, D., L?pez-Herranz, M.L., Betekhtin, A., Catal?n, P. 2012 A DNA Barcoding Method to Discriminate between the Model Plant Brachypodium distachyon and Its Close Relatives B. stacei and B. hybridum (Poaceae). Plos One 7(12): e51058.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051058View Article Google Scholar

Newmaster, S., Fazekas, A., Ragupathy, S. 2006 DNA barcoding in land plants: Evaluation of rbcL in a multigene tiered approach. Can. J. Bot. 84(3): 335–341.
DOI: 10.1139/b06-047View Article Google Scholar

Page, R.D. 1996 TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 12(4): 357–358.
DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/12.4.357View Article Google Scholar

Pang, X., Liu, C., Shi, L., Liu, R., Liang, D., Li, H., Cherny, S.S., Chen, S. 2012 Utility of the trnH-psbA intergenic spacer region and its combinations as plant DNA barcodes: a meta-analysis. Plos One 7(11): e48833–e48833.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048833View Article Google Scholar

Ragupathy, S., Newmaster, S.G., Murugesan, M., Balasubramaniam, V. 2009 DNA barcoding discriminates a new cryptic grass species revealed in an ethnobotany study by the hill tribes of the Western Ghats in southern India. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 9(s1): 164–171.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02641.xView Article Google Scholar

Raveendar, S., Lee, G.-A., Lee, K.J., Shin, M.-J., Kim, S.H., Lee, J.-R., Cho, G.-T., Hyun, D.Y. 2019 DNA Barcoding for Efficient Identification of Triticum Subspecies: Evaluation of Four Candidate Loci on Phylogenetic Relationships. Plant Breed. Biotech. 7(3): 220–228.
DOI: 10.9787/PBB.2019.7.3.220View Article Google Scholar

Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., H?hna, S., Largetr, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A., Huelsenbeck, J.P. 2012 MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61(3): 539–542.
DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/sys029View Article Google Scholar

Saadullah, Khan, Z.-u.-d., Ashfaq, M., Z.-u-N. 2016 Identification of the grass family (Poaceae) by using the plant DNA barcodes rbcL and matK. J. Bio. Env. Sci. 8: 175–186.

Saarela, J.M., Bull, R.D., Paradis, M.J., Ebata, S.N., Peterson, P.M., Soreng, R.J., Paszko.B. 2017 Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). Phytokeys 87: 1–139.
DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774View Article Google Scholar

Shaw, J., Lickey, E.B., Schilling, E.E., Small, R.L. 2007 Comparison of whole chloroplast genome sequences to choose noncoding regions for phylogenetic studies in angiosperms: the tortoise and the hare III. Am. J. Bot. 94(3): 275–288.
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.3.275View Article Google Scholar

Shi, Y., Wang, T., Li, Y., Darmency, H. 2008 Impact of transgene inheritance on the mitigation of gene flow between crops and their wild relatives: the example of foxtail millet. Genetics 180(2): 969–75.
DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.092809View Article Google Scholar

Skuza, L., Szuko, I., Filip, E., Adamczyk, A. 2019 DNA Barcoding in Selected Species and Subspecies of Rye (Secale) Using Three Chloroplast Loci (matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA). Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Na. 47(1): 54–62.
DOI: 10.15835/nbha47111248View Article Google Scholar

Stoeckle, M. 2003 Taxonomy, DNA and the bar code of life. BioScience 53(9): 2–3.
DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0796:TDATBC]2.0.CO;2View Article Google Scholar

Syme, A.E., Udovicic, F., Stajsic, V., Murphy, D.J. 2013 A test of sequence-matching algorithms for a DNA barcode database of invasive grasses. DNA Barcode 1: 19–26.
DOI: 10.2478/dna-2012-0002View Article Google Scholar

Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G., Jean, B. 1991 Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Mol. Biol. 17(5): 1105–1109.
DOI: 10.1007/BF00037152View Article Google Scholar

Tavar?, S. 1986 Some probabilistic and statistical problems on the analysis of DNA sequences. In: Miura, R.M. (ed.), Lectures in Mathematics in the Life Sciences. pp. 57–86. Providence (RI): American Mathematical Society.

Tsang, C.-H., Li, K.-T., Hsu, T.-F., Tsai, Y.-C., Fang, P.-H., Hsing, Y.-I.C. 2017 Broomcorn and foxtail millet were cultivated in Taiwan about 5000 years ago. Bot. Stud. 58(1): 3–3.
DOI: 10.1186/s40529-016-0158-2View Article Google Scholar

Wang, A., Gopurenko, D., Wu, H., Lepschi, B. 2017 Evaluation of six candidate DNA barcode loci for identification of five important invasive grasses in eastern Australia. Plos One 12(4): e0175338.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175338View Article Google Scholar

Wang, A., Gopurenko, D., Wu, H., Stanton, R., Lepschi, B.J. 2014 DNA barcoding for identification of exotic grass species present in eastern Australia. In 19th Australasian Weeds Conference. M. Baker, editor. Tasmanian Weed Society Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. 444–447.

Wang, J., Yan, Z., Zhong, P., Shen, Z., Yang, G., Ma, L. 2022 Screening of universal DNA barcodes for identifying grass species of Gramineae. Front. Plant Sci. 13: 998863.
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.998863View Article Google Scholar

Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Gu, X., Guo, Z., Li, L., Song, X., Liu, S., Zang, Y., Li, Y., Liu, C., Wei, S. 2014 Genetic diversity and population structure of Rheum tanguticum (Dahuang) in China. Chin. Med. 9(1): 1–9. (see supplementary)
DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-9-26View Article Google Scholar

Zhao, M., Zhi, H., Doust, A.N., Li, W., Wang, Y., Li, H., Jia, G., Wang, Y., Zhang, N., Diao, X. 2013 Novel genomes and genome constitutions identified by GISH and 5S rDNA and knotted1 genomic sequences in the genus Setaria. BMC Genomics 14(1): 244.
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-244View Article Google Scholar