Literature Cited

Adinugroho, W.C., Prasetyo, L.B., Kusmana, C., Krisnawati, H. 2019 Contribution of forest degradation in Indonesia’s GHG emissions: Profile and opportunity to improve its estimation accuracy. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 399(1): 012025
DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/399/1/012025View Article Google Scholar

Agoto, R.N., Jr., Hernandez, J.O., Park, B.B. 2024 Morphoanatomy and physiology of Swietenia macrophylla in different light environments: Insights into its invasive ability in the Philippines. Biodiversitas 25(1): 257–263.
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250129View Article Google Scholar

Al-Hagla, K., Al-Sulbi, A. 2025 A Hybrid Framework for Integrating Native Flora in City Branding: Synthesizing Plant Scheme for FIFA World Cup 2034 Host Cities. Sustainability 17(9): 3935.
DOI: 10.3390/su17093935View Article Google Scholar

Almadrones-Reyes, K.J., Dagamac, N.H.A. 2023 Land-use/land cover change and land surface temperature in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines using Landsat imagery. GeoJournal 88(2): 1415–1426.
DOI: 10.1007/s10708-022-10701-9View Article Google Scholar

Ancheta, A., Membrebe, Z., Santos, A. J., Valeros, J., Batac, C. 2016 Sustainability of forest park as space break: A case study of Arroceros Forest Park in congested city of Manila. OIDA Int. J. Sustain. Dev. 9(5): 63–82.

Anderson, E.C., Minor, E.S. 2021 Assessing four methods for establishing native plants on urban vacant land. Ambio 50(3): 695–705.
DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01383-zView Article Google Scholar

Antonio, R.A., Vallesteros, S.F., Diamante, C.C. 2023 Rooting ability and early growth performance of Supa (Sindora supa Merr.) stem cuttings at varied indolebutyric acid concentrations. Int. J. Biosci. 22(5): 81–87.
DOI: 10.12692/ijb/22.5.81-87View Article Google Scholar

Arafah, N., Sudia, L.B., Manan, A., Kahirun, B., Bana, S., Zulkarnain. 2021 Ecological potential and estimation of mangrove forest carbon stock in Kabaena Island, Bombana Regency. Int. J. Agric. For. 11(1): 1–8.

Athokpam, V., Chamroy, T., Ngairangbam, H. 2024 The role of urban green spaces in mitigating climate change: An integrative review of ecological, social, and health benefits. Environ. Rep. 6(1): 10–14.
DOI: 10.51470/ER.2024.6.1.10View Article Google Scholar

Avtar, R., Tsusaka, K., Herath, S. 2020 Assessment of forest carbon stocks for REDD+ implementation in the muyong forest system of Ifugao, Philippines. Environ. Monit. Assess. 192(9): 571.
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08531-8View Article Google Scholar

Aye, W.N., Tong, X., Tun, A.W. 2022 Species Diversity, Biomass and Carbon Stock Assessment of Kanhlyashay Natural Mangrove Forest. Forests 13(7): 1013.
DOI: 10.3390/f13071013View Article Google Scholar

Bautista, G.G. 2022 Arroceros Forest Park archaeological site. National Museum of the Philippines.

Behera, S.K., Sahu, N., Mishra, A.K., Bargali, S.S., Behera, M.D., Tuli, R. 2017 Aboveground biomass and carbon stock assessment in Indian tropical deciduous forest and relationship with stand structural attribute. Ecol. Eng. 99: 513–524.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.11.046View Article Google Scholar

Berame, J.S., Elazegui, E.P., Arenas, M., Orozco, J.A. 2021 Microclimatic factors and soil characteristics of Arroceros Forest Park in the City of Manila, Philippines. Biodiversitas 22(11): 5037–5046.
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d221130View Article Google Scholar

Biag, R.D., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2021 Diversity, distribution, and conservation status of Rubiaceae species in Pe?ablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape, Luzon, Philippines. Biodiversitas 22(9): 3627–3636.
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220904View Article Google Scholar

Bikis, A., Engdaw, M., Pandey, D. Pandey B.K. 2025 The impact of urbanization on land use land cover change using geographic information system and remote sensing: A case of Mizan Aman City, southwest Ethiopia. Sci. Rep. 15: 12014.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-94189-6View Article Google Scholar

Bressane, A., Loureiro, A.I.S., Almendra, R. 2024 Community engagement in the management of urban green spaces: Prospects from a case study in an emerging economy. Urban Sci. 8(4): 188.
DOI: 10.3390/urbansci8040188View Article Google Scholar

Brinkord, M., Seintsch, B., Elsasser, P. 2025 CO? estimation of tree biomass in forest stands: A simple and IPCC-compliant approach. Forests 16(10): 1580.
DOI: 10.3390/f16101580View Article Google Scholar

Bulenga, G.B., Maliondo, S.M.S., Katani, J.Z., Nyberg, G. 2023 Tree species diversity and edaphic factors associated with different land uses in tropical forest ecosystems, Tanzania. Open J. Ecol. 13(10): 759–772.
DOI: 10.4236/oje.2023.1310046View Article Google Scholar

Cao, Y., He, X., Wang, C., Fang, Y. 2025 Estimation of Carbon Density in Different Urban Green Spaces: Taking the Beijing Main District as an Example. Land 14(2): 270.
DOI: 10.3390/land14020270View Article Google Scholar

Cairns, M., Brown, S., Helmer, E., Baumgardner, G.A. 1997 Root biomass allocation in the world's upland forests. Oecologia 111: 1–11.
DOI: 10.1007/s004420050201View Article Google Scholar

Chave, J., R?jou-M?chain, M., B?rquez, A., Chidumayo, E., Colgan, M.S., Delitti, W.B.C., Duque, A., Eid, T., Fearnside, P.M., Goodman, R.C., Henry, M., Mart?nez-Yr?zar, A., Mugasha, W.A., Muller-Landau, H.C., Mencuccini, M., Nelson, B. W., Ngomanda, A., Nogueira, E.M., Ortiz-Malavassi, E., P?lissier, R., Ploton, P., Ryan, C.M., Saldarriaga, J.G., Vieilledent, G. 2014 Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees. Glob. Change Biol. 20(10): 3177–3190.
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12629View Article Google Scholar

Chen, C., He, Y., Zhang, J., Xu, D., Han, D., Liao, Y., Luo, L., Teng, C., Yin, T. 2023 Estimation of above-ground biomass for Pinus densata using multi-source time series in Shangri-La considering seasonal effects. Forests 14(9): 1747.
DOI: 10.3390/f14091747View Article Google Scholar

City Council of Manila 2020 Ordinance No. 8607: An ordinance declaring a parcel of land known as Arroceros Forest Park a permanent forest park pursuant to Republic Act No. 5752 and appropriating funds therefor (Ord. No. 8607). City Council of Manila.

Clarin, D.C., Dy, D.T., Diola, A.G. 2021 Evaluation of land use land cover change due to urbanization in Mactan Island, Cebu, using Landsat data. Manila J. Sci. 14: 86–103.

Clifford, T.H., Stephenson, W. 1975 An introduction to numerical classification. Academy Press, London.

Climate Change Commission 2024 Urban forests: The breathing life of Metro Manila. https://climate.gov.ph/news/895

Coracero, E.E. 2023 Distribution and management of the invasive Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae) at the foot of a protected area in Luzon Island, Philippines. J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 4(3): 637–647.
DOI: 10.3390/jzbg4030045View Article Google Scholar

Coracero, E.E, Malabrigo, P.Jr. 2020 Carbon storage potential of the tree species along the ultramafic forest in Sitio Dicasalarin, Barangay Zabali, Baler, Aurora, Philippines. Aims Environ. Sci. 7(6): 589–601.
DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2020037View Article Google Scholar

Coracero E.E., Malabrigo P.J.L., Bambalan J.M., Palapal I.K.S., Guleng R.V., Gallego R.J., Suniega, M.J.A. 2022 Diversity, Species Composition, and Carbon Stock Assessment of Trees in Aurora, Philippines: Variations between Preserved and Developed Ecosystems. Environ. Sci. Proc. 22(1): 29.
DOI: 10.3390/IECF2022-13061View Article Google Scholar

Dasgupta, S., Lall, S., Wheeler, D. 2022 Cutting global carbon emissions: where do cities stand? Worldbank.org.

Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development 2025 Open space development guidelines (Guidebook). Republic of the Philippines.

Devagiri, G.M., Money, S., Singh, S., Dadhawal, V.K., Patil, S., Khaple, A., Devakumar, A.S., Hubballi, S. 2013 Assessment of above-ground biomass and carbon pool in different vegetation types of southwestern part of Karnataka, India using spectral modeling. Int. Soc. Trop. Ecol. 54(2): 149–165.

Dida, J.J.V., Tiburan, C.L. Jr, Tsutsumida, N., Saizen, I. 2021 Carbon Stock Estimation of Selected Watersheds in Laguna, Philippines Using InVEST. Philipp J. Sci. 150(2): 501–513.
DOI: 10.56899/150.02.15View Article Google Scholar

Engay-Gutierrez, K.G., Espaldon, M.V.O., Villanueva-Peyraube, J.D., Sobremisana, M.J., Macandog, D.M., Tiburan, C.L., Jr. 2023 The sustainability of native trees in the greening initiatives of the Philippines. UP Los Ba?os Journal 21(2): 65–104.

Enr?quez-de-Salamanca, ?. 2022 Climate Change Mitigation in Forestry: Paying for Carbon Stock or for Sequestration? Atmosphere 13(10): 1611.
DOI: 10.3390/atmos13101611View Article Google Scholar

Erfanifard, Y., Hosingholizade, A., Griess, V.C., Garcia Millan, V.E., Pirasteh, S. 2025 Estimating tree diameter at breast height (DBH) from UAV data: A comparison of oblique–vertical imagery fusion and allometric modeling. Sci. Remote Sens. 12: 100331.
DOI: 10.1016/j.srs.2025.100331View Article Google Scholar

Febiriyanti, A., Harahap, F., Isnandar, R. 2021 Estimation of carbon stocks from tree stands vegetation in Universitas Indonesia’s urban forest, Depok. J. Phys: Confer. Ser. 1725: 012043.
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1725/1/012043View Article Google Scholar

Feng, R., Liu, S., Wang, F., Wang, K., Gao, P., Xu, L. 2024 Quantifying the environmental synergistic effect of cooling–air purification–carbon sequestration from urban forest in China. J. Clean. Prod. 448: 141514.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141514View Article Google Scholar

Ferrini, F., Fini, A., Mori, J., Gori, A. 2020 Role of vegetation as a mitigating factor in the urban context. Sustainability, 12(10): 4247.
DOI: 10.3390/su12104247View Article Google Scholar

Filho, W.L., Wall, T., Salvia, A.L., Dinis, M.A.P., Mifsud, M. 2023 The central role of climate action in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. Sci. Rep. 13: 20582.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47746-wView Article Google Scholar

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1997 List of wood densities for tree species from tropical America, Africa, and Asia. FAO.

Forest Management Bureau 2014 FMB technical bulletin no. 3: Measurement standards and procedures in the conduct of inventory for standing trees (timber). Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

Forest Management Bureau - Department of Environment and Natural Resources 2022 Philippine guidebook on plant species suitable for urban greening. Central Book Supply, Inc.

Galano, J. B., Rodriguez, L. J. V. 2021 Exotic mahogany leaf litter hinders growth of Philippine native tree seedlings. Proc. Natl. Inst. Eco. Repub. Korea 2(2): 76–81.

Galupo, R. 2020 Arroceros declared permanent forest park. The Philippine Star.

Giraldo-Charria, D.L., Escobedo, F.J., Clerici, N., Quesada, B. 2025 Urban forests mitigate extreme heat exposure in a vulnerable tropical city. Urban Clim. 59: 102311.
DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102311View Article Google Scholar

Gonzales, L.P., Magnaye, D.C. 2017 Measuring the urban biodiversity of green spaces in a highly urbanizing environment and its implications for human settlement resiliency planning: The case of Manila City, Philippines. Procedia Environ. Sci. 37: 83–100.
DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.024View Article Google Scholar

G?swein, V., Silvestre, J.D., Lamb, S., Gon?alves, A.B., Pittau, F., Freire, F., Oosthuizen, D., Lord, A., Habert, G. 2021 Invasive alien plants as an alternative resource for concrete production: Multi-scale optimization including carbon compensation, cleared land and saved water runoff in South Africa. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 167: 105361.
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105361View Article Google Scholar

Goyo, S.L.D., Balgoa, L.C., Mantilla, M.C., Quilicot, R.C. 2025 Growth performance of Vitex parviflora Juss. and Swietenia macrophylla King in an abandoned mining area at Barangay Maibu, Butuan City, Philippines. J. Sylva Lestari 13(2): 554–563
DOI: 10.23960/jsl.v13i2.1148View Article Google Scholar

Hao, H., Li, W., Zhao, X., Chang, Q., Zhao, P. 2019 Estimating the Aboveground Carbon Density of Coniferous Forests by Combining Airborne LiDAR and Allometry Models at Plot Level. Front Plant Sci. 10: 917.
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00917View Article Google Scholar

Habib, S., Al-Ghamdi, S.G. 2021 Estimation of above-ground carbon-stocks for urban greeneries in arid areas: Case study for Doha and FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. Front. Environ. Sci. 9: 635365.
DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.635365View Article Google Scholar

Hairiah, K., Sitompul, S.M., Van Noordwijk, M., Palm, C. 2001 Methods for sampling carbon stocks above and below ground. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry.

Hauck, M., Csapek, G., Dulamsuren, C. 2023 The significance of large old trees and tree cavities for forest carbon estimates. Fo Ecol. Manag. 546: 121319.
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121319View Article Google Scholar

Herbito Jr., L.C., Guihawan, J.Q., Casal, C.M.V., Polestico, D.L.L., Torres, A.G. 2024 Unveiling the prevalence of invasive alien plant species in multiple-use zone of Initao-Libertad Protected Landscape and Seascape, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Biodiversitas 25(9): 3286–3294.
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250951View Article Google Scholar

He, C., Li, Y., Dai, X., Zhang, L., Wang, Q. 2025 Species richness is not a good predictor for above-ground biomass in a warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest. Ecol.Process. 14: 6.
DOI: 10.1186/s13717-024-00569-7View Article Google Scholar

Hestiada Jr., O. 2021 What’s happening to Arroceros Park? It’s becoming an ‘urban forest park’. Inquirer Lifestyle.

Hestiada Jr, O. 2022 What’s inside the new Arroceros Urban Forest Park? Philippine Daily Inquirer.

Huang, W., Wang, X., Zhang, D. 2024 The Estimation of Forest Carbon Sink Potential and Influencing Factors in Huangshan National Forest Park in China. Sustainability 16(3): 1351.
DOI: 10.3390/su16031351View Article Google Scholar

Huang, Z., Su, K., Yu, S., Jiang, X., Li, C., Chang, S., You, Y. 2025 Reconciling Urban Expansion with Biodiversity: Habitat Dynamics and Ecological Connectivity in Xiong’an New Area’s Full-Cycle Development. Land 14(3): 533.
DOI: 10.3390/land14030533View Article Google Scholar

International Tropical Timber Organization. n.d. ITTO tropical timber species database [Database].

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 IPCC 4th assessment report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Jaman, M.S., Hossain, M.F., Islam, S., Helal, M.G.J., Jamil, M., Rahman, M.D. 2016 Quantification of Carbon Stock and Tree Diversity of Home gardens in Rangpur District, Bangladesh. Int. J. Agric. For. 2016 6(5): 169–180.

Jovanovi?, S., Jankovi?-Mili?, V., Stankovi?, J.J., Stanojevi?, M. 2025 The Role of Urban Tree Areas for Biodiversity Conservation in Degraded Urban Landscapes. Land 14(9): 1815.
DOI: 10.3390/land14091815View Article Google Scholar

Jumawan, J. H., Sinogbuhan, A. J., Atienza, D. D., Cadavez, R. 2024 Aboveground biomass estimation and tree vegetation assessment of Bood Promontory and Eco-Park in Butuan City, Philippines after 20 years of establishment. Thai. Nat. Hist. Mus. J. 18(1): 17–40.

Kim, J., Kang, Y., Kim, D., Son, S., Kim, E. J. 2024 Carbon Storage and Sequestration Analysis by Urban Park Grid Using i-Tree Eco and Drone-Based Modeling. Forests 15(4): 683.
DOI: 10.3390/f15040683View Article Google Scholar

Kitikidou, K., Milios, E., Stampoulidis, A., Pipinis, E., Radoglou, K. 2024 Using biodiversity indices effectively: considerations for forest management. Ecologies 5(1): 42–51.
DOI: 10.3390/ecologies5010003View Article Google Scholar

Kleinn, C., Magnussen, S., N?lke, N., Magdon, P., Alvares-Gonzales, J.G., Frehrmann, L., Cruzado, C.P. 2020 Improving precision of field inventory estimation of aboveground biomass through an alternative view on plot biomass. For. Ecosyst. 7: 57.
DOI: 10.1186/s40663-020-00268-7View Article Google Scholar

Lagbas, A. 2019 Social valuation of regulating and cultural ecosystem services of Arroceros Forest Park: A man-made forest in the city of Manila, Philippines. J. Urban Manag. 8(1): 159–177.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jum.2018.09.002View Article Google Scholar

Lahoti, S., Lahoti, A., Joshi, R. K., Saito, O. 2020 Vegetation structure, species composition, and carbon sink potential of urban green spaces in Nagpur City, India. Land 9(4): 107.
DOI: 10.3390/land9040107View Article Google Scholar

Lasco, R.D., Pulhin, F.B. 2003 Philippine Forest Ecosystems and Climate Change: Carbon Stocks, Rate of Sequestration and the Kyoto Protocol. Ann. Trop. Res. 25(2): 37–51.

Li, Z, Bi S, Hao S, Cui Y. 2022 Aboveground biomass estimation in forests with random forest and Monte Carlo-based analysis. Ecol. Ind. 142: 109246.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109246View Article Google Scholar

Lutz, J. A., Furniss, T. J., Johnson, D. J., Davies, S. J., Allen, D., Alonso, A., Anderson?Teixeira, K.J., Andrade, A., Baltzer, J., Becker, K.M.L., Blomdahl, E.M., Bourg, N.A., Bunyavejchewin, S., Burslem, D.F.R.P., Cansler, C.A., Cao, K., Cao, M., C?rdenas, D., Chang, L.?W., Chao, K.?J., Chao, W.?C., Chiang, J.?M., Chu, C., Chuyong, G.B., Clay, K., Condit, R., Cordell, S., Dattaraja, H.S., Duque, A., Ewango, C.E.N., Fischer, G.A., Fletcher, C., Freund, J.A., Giardina, C., Germain, S.J., Gilbert, G.S., Hao, Z., Hart, T., Hau, B.C.H., He, F., Hector, A., Howe, R.W., Hsieh, C.?F., Hu, Y.?H., Hubbell, S.P., Inman?Narahari, F.M., Itoh, A., Jan?k, D., Kassim, A.R., Kenfack, D., Korte, L., Kr?l, K., Larson, A.J., Li, Y., Lin, Y., Liu, S., Lum, S., Ma, K., Makana, J.?R., Malhi, Y., McMahon, S.M., McShea, W.J., Memiaghe, H.R., Mi, X., Morecroft, M., Musili, P.M., Myers, J.A., Novotny, V., de Oliveira, A., Ong, P., Orwig, D.A., Ostertag, R., Parker, G.G., Patankar, R., Phillips, R.P., Reynolds, G., Sack, L., Song, G.?Z.M., Su, S.?H., Sukumar, R., Sun, I?F., Suresh, H.S., Swanson, M.E., Tan, S., Thomas, D.W., Thompson, J., Uriarte, M., Valencia, R., Vicentini, A., Vr?ka, T., Wang, X., Weiblen, G.D., Wolf, A., Wu, S.?H., Xu, H., Yamakura, T., Yap, S., Zimmerman, J. K. 2018 Global importance of large?diameter trees. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27(7): 849–864.
DOI: 10.1111/geb.12747View Article Google Scholar

Ma, Z., Zhang, P., Hu, N., Wang, G., Dong, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, C., Fu, Y., Ren, Z. 2022 Understanding the drivers of woody plant diversity in urban parks in a snow climate city of China. J. For. Res. 34(4): 1021–1032
DOI: 10.1007/s11676-022-01535-9View Article Google Scholar

Macaraig, J.E.D., Dida, J.J.V., Bantayan, N. C. 2021 Above ground biomass and carbon stock estimation of Arroceros Forest Park “The Manila’s Last Lung” using geographic information system (GIS). J. Biodivers. Environ. Sci. 18(1): 17–24.

Mac?as, C.A.S., Orihuela, J.C.A., Abad, S.I. 2017 Estimation of above?ground live biomass and carbon stocks in different plant formations and in the soil of dry forests of the Ecuadorian coast. Food Energy Secur. 6(4): e00115
DOI: 10.1002/fes3.115View Article Google Scholar

Magalh?es, L.C.S., Cabral, R.C.C., Aguiar, D.P.P., Nunez, C.V., Maia, J.M.F., Silva-Forsberg, M.C. 2022 Distribution of invasive exotic species Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. in a forest fragment in the Amazon. Res Soc. Dev. 11(3): e59011326734.
DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26734View Article Google Scholar

Magalh?es, T.M. 2015 Allometric equations for estimating belowground biomass of Androstachys johnsonii Prain. Carbon Balance Manag, 10: 16.
DOI: 10.1186/s13021-015-0027-4View Article Google Scholar

Magurran, A.E. 2004 Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell, Oxford.

Maruna, M., Crn?evi?, T., Milojevi?, M.P. 2019 The institutional structure of land use planning for urban forest protection in the post-socialist transition environment: Serbian experiences. Forests 10(7): 560.
DOI: 10.3390/f10070560View Article Google Scholar

Meitha, K., Chen, P.-Y., Chang, C., Lin, Z.-C., Hsu, T.-W., Gojobori, T., Chiang, T.-Y. 2024 Is an invasive species a notorious invader or carbon sequencer? Ecol. Genet. Genomics 32: 100279.
DOI: 10.1016/j.egg.2024.100279View Article Google Scholar

Membrebe, Z.O., Jr., Santos, A.J.G., Valeroso, J.C.C., Ancheta, A.A. 2017 Urban forest park as eco-space for liveable city: Arroceros Forest Park, Manila, Philippines. Int. J. Real Estate Stud. 11(4): 23–34.

Moncada, M., Rodrigo, R. 2019 Stand structure and aboveground biomass of a 12-year old narra (Pterocarpus indicus) plantation in Biliran, Biliran (Philippines). Int. J. Sci. Eng. Investig. 8(89): 1–7.

Mondal, P., McDermid, S. S., Qadir, A. 2020 A reporting framework for Sustainable Development Goal 15: Multi-scale monitoring of forest degradation using MODIS, Landsat and Sentinel data. Remote Sens. Environ. 237: 111592.
DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2019.111592View Article Google Scholar

Morgenroth, J., Nowak, D.J., Koeser, A.K. 2020 DBH distributions in America’s urban forests — An overview of structural diversity. Forests 11(2): 135.
DOI: 10.3390/f11020135View Article Google Scholar

Mosyaftiani, A., Wahyu, A., Kaswanto, W., Wiyoga, H., Syasita, N., Septa, A. F., Djauhari, D. 2022 Monitoring and analyzing tree diversity using i-Tree Eco to strengthen urban forest management. Biodiversitas 23(8): 4033–4039.
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230822View Article Google Scholar

Mukaromah, A.S., Purwestri, Y.A., Fujii, Y. 2016 Determination of allelopathic potential in mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) leaf litter using sandwich method. Indones, J. Biotechnol. 21(2): 93–101.
DOI: 10.22146/ijbiotech.16456View Article Google Scholar

Napaldet, J.T. 2023 Plant species and ecosystem diversity along national road in mountain sites: The case of Kennon Road in Cordillera Central Range, Philippines. Taiwania 68(3): 339–348.
DOI: 10.6165/tai.2023.68.339View Article Google Scholar

National Parks Development Committee 2023 Inventory of Trees. NPDC – Inventory of Trees.

Navarro-Mart?nez, A., Ellis, E.A., Hern?ndez-G?mez, I., Romero-Montero, J.A., S?nchez-S?nchez, O. 2020 Distribution and abundance of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 11(1), 1–14.
DOI: 10.1177/1940082918766875View Article Google Scholar

Nero, B.F., Kuusaana, E.D., Ahmed, A., Campion, B.B. 2024 Carbon storage and tree species diversity of urban parks in Kumasi, Ghana. City Environ. Interact. 24: 100156.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100156View Article Google Scholar

Nizamani, M.M., Harris, A.J., Cheng, X. L., Zhu, Z.X., Jim, C.Y., Wang, H.F. 2021 Positive relationships among aboveground biomass, tree species diversity, and urban greening management in tropical coastal city of Haikou. Ecol. Evol. 11(17): 12204–12219.
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7985View Article Google Scholar

Nolan, K.A., J.E. Callahan. 2006 Beachcomber biology: The Shannon-Weiner Species Diversity Index. Pages 334-338, in Tested Studies for Laboratory Teaching, Volume 27 (M.A. O'Donnell, Editor). Proc. 27th Workshop/Conf. Assoc. Biol. Lab. Educ. (ABLE), 383 pages.

Nowak, D.J, Greenfield, E.J, Hoehn, R.E., Lapoint, E. 2013 Carbon storage and sequestration by trees in urban and community areas of the United States. Environ. Pollut. 178: 229–236.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.019View Article Google Scholar

Ojeda, M.N., Jang, M., Park, D., Kang, H. 2024 Carbon stock assessment of a reforestation site within Mt. Arayat protected landscape, Pampanga, Philippines. For. Sci. Technol. 20(4): 316–325.
DOI: 10.1080/21580103.2024.2396845View Article Google Scholar

Olfato-Parojinog, A., Ocenar-Bautista, C.E., Evangelista-Rivera, P.C., Bate, J.-M., Racoma, C.J., Chavez, J.G., Dagamac, N.H.A. 2025 Exploring plant functional diversity and ecological dynamics in urban forests: Insights from Metropolitan Manila. Urban Ecosyst. 28(5): 206.
DOI: 10.1007/s11252-025-01804-5View Article Google Scholar

Ong, G. 2024 Manila’s ‘last lung’ to remain free from development. The Philippine Star.

Opol, J. 2024 Arroceros Forest Park. Atlas Obscura. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/arroceros-forest-park-manila-philippines

Palengara, D., Krishnan, S., Eenthamvally, S., Vadakkangara, B. 2025 From invaders to innovators: Biological potential of AgNPs biosynthesized using invasive alien plant species. Discov. Plant. 2: 134.
DOI: 10.1007/s44372-025-00198-0View Article Google Scholar

Pati, P.K., Kaushik, P., Khan, M.L., Khare, P.K. 2022 Allometric equations for biomass and carbon stock estimation of small diameter woody species from tropical dry deciduous forests: Support to REDD+. Trees For. People 9: 11029.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100289View Article Google Scholar

Pati, P.K., Kaushik, P., Maurya, D., Adhikari, C., Bishwas, A.J., Khan, M.L., Khare, P.K. 2024 Evaluating the role of roadside vegetation in atmospheric carbon dioxide mitigation: a case study. Arboric. J. 46(2): 97–119.
DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2023.2233868View Article Google Scholar

Pelser, P.B., J.F. Barcelona, D.L. Nickrent (eds.) 2011 Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines. www.philippineplants.org.

Pielou, E.C. 1966 The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. J. Theor.Biol. 13: 131–144.
DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(66)90013-0View Article Google Scholar

Porio, E., Yulo-Loyzaga, A., Uy, C. 2019 "Metro Manila", In Orum, A. (ed) The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New Jersey.
DOI: 10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0197View Article Google Scholar

Poudel, A., Joshi, M., Jha, S., Bhatta, S., Bidari, A. 2022 Analysis of vegetation dynamics of tree species inside the forest of Institute of Forestry, Hetauda. For.: J. Inst. For. Nepal 19(1): 100–109.
DOI: 10.3126/forestry.v19i01.55710View Article Google Scholar

Qi, R., Zhou, X., Li, Z., Ye, Y., Yuan, Z., Liu, F., Shao, Y., Wei, D., Chen, Y. 2024 Plant Diversity Distribution along an Urbanization Gradient and Relationships with Environmental Factors in Urban Agglomerations of Henan Province, China. Diversity 16(1): 53.
DOI: 10.3390/d16010053View Article Google Scholar

Ralhan, D., Rodrigo, R., Keith, H., Stegehuis, A.I., Pavlin, J., Jiang, Y., Rydval, M., Nogueira, J., Fruleux, A., Svitok, M., Mikol??, M., Koz?k, D., Du??tko, M., Janda, P., Chaskovsky, O., Roibu, C.-C., Svoboda, M. 2024 Tree structure and diversity shape the biomass of primary temperate mountain forests. For. Ecosyst. 11: 100215.
DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2024.100215View Article Google Scholar

Ramos, M.S. 2021 A paved forest? ‘Redevelopment’ of Arroceros park questioned. Philippine Daily Inquirer.

Regmi, R.K. 2018 Urbanization and Related Environmental Issues of Metro Manila. J. Adv. Coll. Eng. Manag. 3: 79–92.
DOI: 10.3126/jacem.v3i0.18906View Article Google Scholar

Rijal, B., Sharma, M. 2024 Modelling Diameter at Breast Height Distribution for Eight Commercial Species in Natural-Origin Mixed Forests of Ontario, Canada. Forests 15(6): 977.
DOI: 10.3390/f15060977View Article Google Scholar

Roeland, S., Moretti, M., Amorim, J. H., Branquinho, C., Fares, S., Morelli, F., Niinemets, ?., Paoletti, E., Pinho, P., Sgrigna, G., Stojanovski, V., Tiwary, A., Sicard, P., Calfapietra, C. 2019 Towards an integrative approach to evaluate the environmental ecosystem services provided by urban forest. J. For. Res. 30(6): 1981–1996.
DOI: 10.1007/s11676-019-00916-xView Article Google Scholar

Roces, A.R. 2007 The Arroceros Forest Park: Manila’s last lung. Philipp. Star.

Ruas, R. de B., Costa, L. M. S., Bered, F. 2022 Urbanization driving changes in plant species and communities – A global view. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 38: e02243.
DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02243View Article Google Scholar

Ruiz-Blandon, B.A., Hern?ndez-Alvarez, E., Bernaola-Paucar, R.M., Rodr?guez Cangalaya, N., Orellana-Mendoza, E., Mallqui, J. L., Mayela Carrasco, Y.M., Colachagua Calder?n, D.A. 2025 Forest structure, productivity, and conservation status of tree species in a tropical very humid (TRF) forest of the Colombian Pacific. Preprints 2025091015.

Sandoya, V., Saura-Mas, S., Granzow-de la Cerda, I., Arellano, G., Mac?a, M.J., Tello, J.S., Lloret, F. 2021 Contribution of species abundance and frequency to aboveground forest biomass along an Andean elevation gradient. For. Ecol. Manag. 479: 118549.
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118549View Article Google Scholar

Santos Jr., R. 2019 New lease on life beckons for Arroceros, Manila’s hidden jungle. Mongabay.

Shah, K.A., Patel, M.B., Patel, R.J., Parmar, P.K. 2010 Mangifera indica (mango). Pharmacogn. Rev. 4(7): 42–48.
DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.65325View Article Google Scholar

Shaamala, A., Yigitcanlar, T., Nili, A., Nyandega, D. 2024 Strategic tree placement for urban cooling: A novel optimisation approach for desired microclimate outcomes. Urban Clim. 56: 102084.
DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102084View Article Google Scholar

Shahid, N., Robin, C., Emmett, D.J., Case, P., Boris, W. 2016 Biodiversity and human well-being: an essential link for sustainable development. Proc. R. Soc. B. 283(1844): 20162091.
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2091View Article Google Scholar

Sharma, S., Hussain, S., Kumar, P., Singh, A. N. 2024 Urban trees’ potential for regulatory services in the urban environment: An exploration of carbon sequestration. Environ. Monit. Assess. 196(6): 504.
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12634-xView Article Google Scholar

Simpson, E.H. 1949 Measurement of diversity. Nature 163(4148): 688. Soli?o, M., Raposo, R. 2022 Contributing to healthy forests: Social preferences for pest and disease mitigation programs in Spain. For. Policy Econ. 140: 102754.
DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102754View Article Google Scholar

Sugiarto, A., Utaya, S., Sumarmi, Bachri, S., Shrestha, R. P. 2024 Estimation of carbon stocks and CO? emissions resulting from the forest destruction in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Environ. Challenges 17: 101010.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101010View Article Google Scholar

Tarriela, F.G. 2018 Why native trees? – Green Convergence For safe food, healthy environment and sustainable economy. Manila Bull. https://greenconvergencephil.com/why-native-trees/

Tchomcheni, A. J., Kenfack Voukeng, S. N., Tumenta, P. F., Ghogue, J. P. 2023 Plant diversity and carbon stock assessment in an informal settlement of the city of Yaounde, Cameroon: The case of Elig-Effa West. J. Geosci. Environ. Prot. 11(1): 169–182.
DOI: 10.4236/gep.2023.111011View Article Google Scholar

Thurner, M, Beer C, Santoro M, Carvalhais N, Wutzler T, Schepaschenko D, Shvidenko A, Kompter E, Ahren SB, Levick SR, Schmullius C. 2013 Carbon stock and density of northern boreal and temperate forests. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23(3): 297–310.
DOI: 10.1111/geb.12125View Article Google Scholar

Tutor, J.A., Palijon, A.M., Visco, R.G., Castillo, A.S.A., Militante, E.P. 2018 Carbon stock assessment as basis for public green spaces planning and management in Bacolod City and Iloilo City. WVSU Res. J. 7(1): 15–26.
DOI: 10.59460/wvsurjvol7iss1pp15-26View Article Google Scholar

Tuwu, E.R., Hayati, M.S., Indriyani, L., Gandri, L., Manan, A., Siwi, L.O. 2025 Analysis of vegetation diversity as an indicator of environmental quality in the green open space. Indones. J. Environ. Sci. Manag. 1(2): 63–71.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2024 Urban trees for climate and SDGs: Mobilizing action at the local, national and international level: UNECE Forestry, Housing and Land Management. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2023 Greenhouse gas equivalencies calculator.

Whittaker, R.H. 1972 Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon. doi: 21(2/3): 213–251.
DOI: 10.2307/1218190View Article Google Scholar

Yin, P., Li, X., Pellikka, P. 2024 Asymmetrical impact of daytime and nighttime warming on the interannual variation of urban spring vegetation phenology. Earth's Future 12(5): e2023EF004127.
DOI: 10.1029/2023EF004127View Article Google Scholar

Zhao, D., Cai, J., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Yao, M. 2023 Carbon sinks in urban public green spaces under carbon neutrality: A bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review. Urban For. Urban Green. 86: 128037.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2023.128037View Article Google Scholar

Zhao, Z., Hui, G., Yang, A., Zhang, G., Hu, Y. 2022 Assessing tree species diversity in forest ecosystems: A new approach. Front. Ecol. Evol. 10: 971585.
DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.971585View Article Google Scholar

Zheng, D., Ducey, M. J., Heath, L. S. 2013 Assessing net carbon sequestration on urban and community forests of northern New England, USA. Urban For. Urban Green. 12(1): 61–68.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2012.10.003View Article Google Scholar