Literature Cited

Alejandro, G.J.D. 2007 The current status of the Philippine Rubiaceae. Philipp. J. Syst. Biol. 1(1): 47–60.
DOI: 10.3860/pjsb.v1i1.908View Article Google Scholar

Alejandro, G.J.D. 2015 A new endemic species of Philippine Hedyotis L. (Rubiaceae) named after Pope Francis. Antoninus J. 1: 74–78.

Alejandro, G.J.D., Balete, I.K.C., Caagbay, J.F.C., Cruz, J.M.B., Narciso, C.J.C., Nazareno, D.E., Banag, C.I., Uy, M.M. 2013 Polyphyly of Bikkia Reinw. [Rubiaceae] based on multi-locus sequence analysis [ITS, rps16, trnL-F], with emphasis on the endemic Bikkia philippinensis Val. including its conservation status. Acta Manil. 59: 49–55.

Alejandro, G.J.D., Liede, S. 2003 The Philippine Rubiaceae genera: Updated synopsis in INTKEY databases of the DELTA system. Blumea 48(2): 261–277.
DOI: 10.3767/000651903X674964View Article Google Scholar

Alejandro, G.J.D., Meve, U. 2016 Rubovietnamia coronula sp. nov. (Rubiaceae: Gardenieae) from the Philippines. Nord. J. Bot. 34(4): 385–389.
DOI: 10.1111/njb.01020View Article Google Scholar

Alejandro, G.J.D., Meve, U., Liede-Schumann, S. 2008 Two new species of Mussaenda (Rubiaceae) from Panay Island, Philippines. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 158(1): 87–92.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00882.xView Article Google Scholar

Alejandro, G.J.D., Meve, U., Liede-Schumann, S. 2016 A taxonomic revision of Philippine Mussaenda (Rubiaceae, Mussaendeae). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 101(3): 457–524.
DOI: 10.3417/2010089View Article Google Scholar

Alejandro, G.J.D., Meve, U., Mouly, A., Thiv, M., Liede-Schumann, S. 2011 Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the Philippine endemic Villaria Rolfe (Rubiaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 296(1-2): 1–20.
DOI: 10.1007/s00606-011-0472-9View Article Google Scholar

Alejandro, G.J.D., Meve, U., Uy, M.M., Mouly, A., Thiv, M., Liede-Schumann, S. 2010 Molecular support of the classification of Greeniopsis Merr. in Aleisanthieae (Rubiaceae), with a revision of the genus. Taxon 59(5): 1547–1564.
DOI: 10.1002/tax.595018View Article Google Scholar

Alejandro, G.J.D., Razafimandimbison, S.G., Liede-Schumann, S. 2005 Polyphyly of Mussaenda inferred from ITS and trnT-F data and its implication for generic limits in Mussaendeae (Rubiaceae). Am. J. Bot. 92(3): 544–557.
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.92.3.544View Article Google Scholar

Alejandro, G.J.D., Santos, L.A.R., Hsu, H.W., Mejillano, M.S.S., Santor, P.J.R., Amoroso, V.B. 2014 Molecular Phylogeny of the genus Bikkia (Rubiaceae) including a new endemic Philippine Inland forest species Bikkia montoyae. Philipp. Sci. Lett. 7: 88–96.

Alfeche, N.K.G., Alejandro, G.J.D., Meve, U., Liede-Schumann, S. 2020 Two new endemic species of Ophiorrhiza L. (Rubiaceae: Ophiorrhizeae) from Davao Oriental, Philippines. Nord. J. Bot. 38(3): e02581.
DOI: 10.1111/njb.02581View Article Google Scholar

Andreasen, K., Bremer, B. 2000 Combined phylogenetic analysis in the Rubiaceae-Ixoroideae: morphology, nuclear and chloroplast DNA data. Am. J. Bot. 87(11): 1731–1748.
DOI: 10.2307/2656750View Article Google Scholar

Andrews, K.R., Good, J.M., Miller, M.R., Luikart, G., Hohenlohe, P.A. 2016 Harnessing the power of RADseq for ecological and evolutionary genomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 17(2): 81–92.
DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2015.28View Article Google Scholar

Arriola, A.H., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2013a A new species of Psydrax (Vanguerieae, Rubiaceae) from Luzon, Philippines. Phytotaxa 149(1): 27–30.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.149.1.4View Article Google Scholar

Arriola, A.H., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2013b A new species of Villaria (Octotropideae, Rubiaceae) from Luzon, Philippines including its conservation status. Phytotaxa 111(1): 57–60.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.111.1.5View Article Google Scholar

Arriola, A.H., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2015 A new species of Discospermum (Coffeeae, Rubiaceae) from Luzon, Philippines including its conservation status. Phytotaxa 206(1): 43–46.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.206.1.7View Article Google Scholar

Arriola, A.H., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2020 Three new combinations in Villaria (Octotropideae, Rubiaceae), an endemic genus from the Philippines. Blumea 65(1): 86–89.
DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.11View Article Google Scholar

Arriola, A.H., Camacho, P.D., Calaramo, M.J.A., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2015 Pyrostria triflora, a new species of Vanguerieae (Rubiaceae) from Luzon, Philippines. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 22(1): 55–58.
DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v22i1.23868View Article Google Scholar

Arriola, A.H., Cobangkiat, A.B., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2017 Psydrax multiflorus sp. nov. (Rubiaceae) from Palawan, Philippines. Nord. J. Bot. 35(2): 182–184.
DOI: 10.1111/njb.01255View Article Google Scholar

Arriola, A.H., Dalit, H.B., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2018a Villaria marinduquensis (Octotropideae, Rubiaceae) a new species from Marinduque, Philippines. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 55(4-6): 325–328.
DOI: 10.5735/085.055.0414View Article Google Scholar

Arriola, A.H., Lastimosa, C.D.D., Marcial, M.A.M., Amador, M.L.C., Deguinio, G.A.D., Dimaculangan, C.J.M., Vidallon, S.L. and Mahyuni, R. 2026 Dibridsonia parvifolia (Rubiaceae), a new species from Mt Mariveles, Bataan, Luzon, Philippines. Blumea 70: 195–199.
DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2026.70.02.07View Article Google Scholar

Arriola, A.H., Paraguison, L.D., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2016 Kanapia (Vanguerieae): a new endemic genus of Philippine Rubiaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 302(7): 1231–1240.
DOI: 10.1007/s00606-016-1307-5View Article Google Scholar

Arriola, A.H., Valdez Jr, M.B., Nievera, E.B., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2018b Discospermum reyesii (Coffeeae, Rubiaceae), a new species from Cebu, Visayas, Philippines. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 55(1-3): 155–158.
DOI: 10.5735/085.055.0119View Article Google Scholar

Arshed, M.J.C., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2016 Lasianthus halconensis (Rubiaceae), a new species from Mount Halcon, Mindoro, Philippines. Phytotaxa 288(3): 296–300.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.288.3.12View Article Google Scholar

Avise, J.C. 2000 Phylogeography: The history and formation of species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, USA.

Axelius, B. 1990 The genus Xanthophytum (Rubiaceae). Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography. Blumea 34: 425–497. (In supplement)

Baird, N.A., Etter, P.D., Atwood, T.S., Currey, M.C., Shiver, A.L., Lewis, Z.A., Johnson, E.A. 2008 Rapid SNP discovery and genetic mapping using sequenced RAD markers. PLoS One 3(10): e3376.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003376View Article Google Scholar

Banag, C.I. 2014 Systematics of the Philippine endemic Ixora L. (Rubiaceae, Ixoreae). [Dissertation]. Universit?t Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. (In supplement)

Banag, C.I., Alejandro, G.J.D., Thrippleton, T., Reineking, B., Liede-Schumann, S. 2015a Bioclimatic niches of selected endemic Ixora species on the Philippines: Predicting habitat suitability due to climate change. Plant Ecol. 216(9): 1325–1340.
DOI: 10.1007/s11258-015-0512-6View Article Google Scholar

Banag, C.I., Manalastas, N.M.B., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2014 Synonymy of Philippine Ixora (Ixoreae, Rubiaceae) and Ixora silagoensis sp. nov. Nord. J. Bot. 32(6): 761–764.
DOI: 10.1111/njb.00411View Article Google Scholar

Banag, C.I., Mouly, A., Alejandro, G.J.D., Bremer, B., Meve, U., Grimm, G.W., Liede-Schumann, S. 2017 Ixora (Rubiaceae) on the Philippines – crossroad or cradle?. BMC Evol. Biol. 17: 71.
DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0974-3View Article Google Scholar

Banag, C.I., Tandang, D.N., Meve, U., Liede-Schumann, S. 2015b Two new species of Ixora (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae) endemic to the Philippines. Phytotaxa 202(2): 155–160.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.202.2.8View Article Google Scholar

Batuyong, M.A.R., Calaramo, M.A., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2021a Inventory of Rubiaceae species in Mt. Pao Range, Ilocos Norte, Northwestern Luzon, Philippines. Biodiversitas 22(8): 3604–3612.
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220862View Article Google Scholar

Batuyong, M.A.R., Calaramo, M.A., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2021b Diversity of Rubiaceae in Ilocos Norte, Northwestern Luzon, Philippines: A preliminary checklist, their distribution, and conservation status. Philipp. J. Sci. 150(S1): 487–502.
DOI: 10.56899/150.S1.37View Article Google Scholar

Batuyong, M.A.R., Calaramo, M.A., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2021c Rediscovery and amended description of Psychotria palimlimensis (Rubiaceae): a rare species found only in Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Nord. J. Bot. 39(7): e03253.
DOI: 10.1111/njb.03253View Article Google Scholar

Bautista, M.A.C., Chua-Mangussad, V., Cervancia, J., Bustamante, R.A.A. 2024 Psychotria pendens (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae), a new ultramafic species from Central Palawan, Philippines. Phytotaxa 649(3): 252–260.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.649.3.2View Article Google Scholar

Beaumont, M.A., Zhang, W., Balding, D.J. 2002 Approximate Bayesian computation in population genetics. Genetics 162(4): 2025–2035.
DOI: 10.1093/genetics/162.4.2025View Article Google Scholar

Berger, A. 2023 Solved at last: The Philippine endemic Psychotria philippensis is a synonym of Scyphiphora hydrophylacea (Rubiaceae, Scyphiphoreae). PhytoKeys 221: 127–148.
DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.221.97766View Article Google Scholar

Biag, R.D., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2020 Short communication: Rediscovery of Psychotria species, subspecies, and varieties collected in the 1990s and new records of Antirhea benguetensis (Elmer) Valeton and Ixora longifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) in Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park, Luzon, Philippines. Biodiversitas 21(10): 4524–4534.
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d211059View Article Google Scholar

Biag, R.D., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2021 Diversity, distribution, and conservation status of Rubiaceae species in Pe?ablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape, Luzon, Philippines. Biodiversitas 22(9): 3627–3636.
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220904View Article Google Scholar

Biag, R.D., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2022 Range extension and emended description of the threatened Psychotria catanduaniensis (Rubiaceae) in the coastal area in Palanan, Isabela, Luzon, Philippines. Nord. J. Bot. 2022(4): e03422.
DOI: 10.1111/njb.03422View Article Google Scholar

Bickford, D., Lohman, D.J., Sodhi, N.S., Ng, P.K., Meier, R., Winker, K., Das, I. 2007 Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22(3): 148–155.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.004View Article Google Scholar

Blasco, F.A., Tandang, D.N., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2024 Argostemma mirae (Rubiaceae) a new species from Tago, Surigao del Sur, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Phytotaxa 640(1): 65–70.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.640.1.7View Article Google Scholar

Bremer, B., Andreasen, K., Olsson, D. 1995 Subfamilial and tribal relationships in the Rubiaceae based on rbcL sequence data. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 82(3): 383–397.
DOI: 10.2307/2399889View Article Google Scholar

Bremer, B., Eriksson, T. 2009 Time tree of Rubiaceae: phylogeny and dating the family, subfamilies, and tribes. Int. J. Plant Sci. 170(6): 766–793.
DOI: 10.1086/599077View Article Google Scholar

Bremer, B., Manen, J.F. 2000 Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 225 (1-4): 43–72.
DOI: 10.1007/BF00985458View Article Google Scholar

Bremer, B., Thulin, M. 1998 Collapse of Isertieae, re-establishment of Mussaendeae, and a new genus of Sabiceeae (Rubiaceae); phylogenetic relationships based on rbcL data. Plant Syst. Evol. 211(1-2): 71–92.
DOI: 10.1007/BF00984913View Article Google Scholar

Brown, R.M., Diesmos, A.C. 2009 Philippines, biology. In: Gillespie, R.G., Clague, D.A. (eds.), Encyclopedia of islands. 723–732pp. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
DOI: 10.1525/9780520943728-170View Article Google Scholar

Bryant, D., Bouckaert, R., Felsenstein, J., Rosenberg, N.A., RoyChoudhury, A. 2012 Inferring species trees directly from biallelic genetic markers: bypassing gene trees in a full coalescent analysis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29(8): 1917–1932.
DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss086View Article Google Scholar

Bustamante, R.A.A., Pelser, P.B. 2022 A new Philippine species of Ridsdalea (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae) from karst vegetation in Palawan. Blumea 67(1): 15–19.
DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2022.67.01.04View Article Google Scholar

Cabral, E.L., Bacigalupo, N.M. 2004 Novelties in Borreria (Rubiaceae-Spermacoceae) from Brazil. Kew Bull. 59(2): 277–284.
DOI: 10.2307/4115861View Article Google Scholar

Carranza-Rojas, J., Goeau, H., Bonnet, P., Mata-Montero, E., Joly, A. 2017 Going deeper in the automated identification of Herbarium specimens. BMC Evol. Biol. 17(1): 181.
DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1014-zView Article Google Scholar

Chavez, J.G., Alejandro, G.J.D., Tandang, D.N., Meve, U. 2020a Two new species of Timonius (Guettardeae: Rubiaceae) from Samar Island, the Philippines. Bot. Lett. 167(3): 365–372.
DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2020.1759449View Article Google Scholar

Chavez, J.G., Banag-Moran, C.I., Meve, U. 2020b Timonius eremiticus (Rubiaceae), a new species from the Philippines. Blumea 65(2): 104–106.
DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.03View Article Google Scholar

Chavez, J.G., Meve, U., Liede-Schumann, S. 2020c Taxonomic novelties and changes in Philippine Timonius (Rubiaceae, Guettardeae). Nord. J. Bot. 38(7): e02730.
DOI: 10.1111/njb.02730View Article Google Scholar

Chavez, J.G., Meve, U., N?rk, N.M., Liede-Schumann, S. 2021 Disentangling Antirhea (Rubiaceae): Resurrection of Guettardella and description of the new genus Achilleanthus. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 197(1): 85–103.
DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boab013View Article Google Scholar

Chavez, J.G., Venturina, R.E.L., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2015 Gynochthodes leonardii: a novel species of Morindeae-Rubiaceae from Palawan, Philippines. Phytotaxa 222(1): 67–71.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.222.1.7View Article Google Scholar

Chen, J., Hoo, P.K., Wong, K.M. 2023 Chewlunia (Guettardeae: Rubiaceae), a new genus from Borneo and the Philippines. Sandakania 24: 31–38.

Ciborowski, K., Szczeci?ska, M., Ma?dziarz, M., Sawicki, J., Paukszto, ?. 2024 Decoding evolution of Rubioideae: Plastomes reveal sweet secrets of codon usage, diagnostides, and superbarcoding. Genes 15(5): 562.
DOI: 10.3390/genes15050562View Article Google Scholar

Costello, M.J., May, R.M., Stork, N.E. 2013 Can we name Earth's species before they go extinct? Science 339(6143): 413–416.
DOI: 10.1126/science.1230318View Article Google Scholar

Csill?ry, K., Blum, M.G.B., Gaggiotti, O.E., Fran?ois, O. 2010 Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) in practice. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(7): 410–418.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.04.001View Article Google Scholar

Davis, A.P., Bridson, D.M. 2004 A taxonomic revision of the genus Amaracarpus (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae). Blumea 49(1): 25–68.
DOI: 10.3767/000651904X486188View Article Google Scholar

Davis, A.P., Govaerts, R., Bridson, D.M., Ruhsam, M., Moat, J., Brummitt, N.A. 2009 A global assessment of distribution, diversity, endemism, and taxonomic effort in the Rubiaceae. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 96(1): 68–78.
DOI: 10.3417/2006205View Article Google Scholar

De Queiroz, K. 2007 Species concepts and species delimitation. Syst. Biol. 56(6): 879–886.
DOI: 10.1080/10635150701701083View Article Google Scholar

Dela Bajan, U.P., Ordas, J.A.D., Tandang, D.N., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2017 Mycetia dagohoyana: a new species of Argostemmateae (Rubiaceae) from Agusan del Norte, Philippines. Phytotaxa 292(1): 91–96.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.292.1.10View Article Google Scholar

Drummond, A.J., Ho, S.Y., Phillips, M.J., Rambaut, A. 2006 Relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence. PLoS Biol. 4(5): e88.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040088View Article Google Scholar

Edwards, J.L. 2004 Research and societal benefits of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. BioScience 54(6): 486–487.
DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0486:RASBOT]2.0.CO;2View Article Google Scholar

Edwards, S.V., Potter, S., Schmitt, C.J., Bragg, J.G., Moritz, C. 2016 Reticulation, divergence, and the phylogeography–phylogenetics continuum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113(29): 8025–8032.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601066113View Article Google Scholar

Ehrendorfer, F., Barfuss, M.H. 2014 Paraphyly and polyphyly in the worldwide tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae): challenges for generic delimitation. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 100(1-2): 79–88.
DOI: 10.3417/2012088View Article Google Scholar

Elith, J., Leathwick, J.R. 2009 Species distribution models: ecological explanation and prediction across space and time. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40(1): 677–697.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120159View Article Google Scholar

Frankham, R., Ballou, J.D., Briscoe, D.A. 2014 Introduction to conservation genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Franklin, J. 2009 Mapping species distributions: spatial inference and prediction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511810602View Article

Funk, V.A. 2006 Floras: a model for biodiversity studies or a thing of the past? Taxon 55(3): 581–588.
DOI: 10.2307/25065635View Article Google Scholar

Govaerts, R. 2003 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. (In supplement)

Hall, R. 2002 Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer?based reconstructions, model and animations. J. Asian Earth Sci. 20(4): 353–431.
DOI: 10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00069-4View Article Google Scholar

Hannah, L., Midgley, G.F., Andelman, S., Ara?jo, M., Hughes, G., Martinez-Meyer, E., Pearson, R., Williams, P. 2007 Protected area needs in a changing climate. Front. Ecol. Environ. 5(3): 131–138.
DOI: 10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[131:PANIAC]2.0.CO;2View Article Google Scholar

Ho, S.Y.W., Duch?ne, S. 2014 Molecular-clock methods for estimating evolutionary rates and timescales. Mol. Ecol. 23(24): 5947–5965.
DOI: 10.1111/mec.12953View Article Google Scholar

Hughes, A.C. 2017 Understanding the drivers of Southeast Asian biodiversity loss. Ecosphere 8(1): e01624.
DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1624View Article Google Scholar

Hughes, A.C., Orr, M.C., Ma, K., Costello, M.J., Waller, J., Provoost, P., Zhu, C. 2021 Sampling biases shape our view of the natural world. Ecography 44(9): 1259–1269.
DOI: 10.1111/ecog.05926View Article Google Scholar

Hughes, C., Eastwood, R. 2006 Island radiation on a continental scale: exceptional rates of plant diversification after uplift of the Andes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103(27): 10334–10339.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601928103View Article Google Scholar

Hughes, C.E., Pennington, R.T., Antonelli, A. 2013 Neotropical plant evolution: assembling the big picture. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 171(1): 1–18.
DOI: 10.1111/boj.12006View Article Google Scholar

Huxley, T.H. 1868 On the classification and distribution of the Alectoromorphae and Heteromorphae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1868: 294–319.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1868.tb00455.xView Article Google Scholar

Huynh, T.T.T., Quang, M.T., Nguyen, H.D. 2024 Complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant Oxyceros horridus (Rubiaceae) and phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA B 9(12): 1658–1663.
DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2024.2438281View Article Google Scholar

Jebb, M.H.P., Huxley, C.R. 2019 The tuberous epiphytes of the Rubiaceae 7: A revision of the genus Hydnophytum. Blumea 64(1): 23–91.
DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.01.02View Article Google Scholar

Kim, K.C., Byrnes, L.B. 2006 Biodiversity loss and the taxonomic bottleneck: emerging biodiversity science. Ecol. Res. 21(6): 794–810.
DOI: 10.1007/s11284-006-0035-7View Article Google Scholar

Koopowitz, H., Thornhill, A.D., Andersen, M. 1998 A general stochastic model for the prediction of biodiversity losses based on habitat conversion. Conserv. Biol. 8(2): 425–438.
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020425.xView Article Google Scholar

Lantz, H., Bremer, B. 2004 Phylogeny inferred from morphology and DNA data: characterizing well-supported groups in Vanguerieae (Rubiaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 146(3): 257–283.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00338.xView Article Google Scholar

Liu, J., Diamond, J., Raven, P.H. 2013 China's environment in a globalizing world. Nature 435(7046): 1179–1186.
DOI: 10.1038/4351179aView Article Google Scholar

Liu, L., Yu, L., Pearl, D.K., Edwards, S.V. 2009 Estimating species phylogenies using coalescence times among sequences. Syst. Biol. 58(5): 468–477.
DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syp031View Article Google Scholar

L?fstrand, S.D., Kruger, ?., Razafimandimbison, S.G., Bremer, B. 2014 Phylogeny and generic delimitations in the sister tribes Hymenodictyeae and Naucleeae (Rubiaceae). Syst. Bot. 39(1): 304–315. (In supplement)
DOI: 10.1600/036364414X678116View Article Google Scholar

Lohman, D.J., de Bruyn, M., Page, T., von Rintelen, K., Hall, R., Ng, P.K.L., Shih, H.T., Carvalho, G.R., von Rintelen, T. 2011 Biogeography of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 42(1): 205–226.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145001View Article Google Scholar

Mahyuni, R., Chikmawati, T., Ariyanti, N., Wong, K.M. 2018 The Psydrax dicoccos complex (Rubiaceae) in Malesia, with three new species. Floribunda 5: 322–331. (In supplement)

Mendoza, H., Ramirez, P.B.R., Jimenez, L.C. 2004 Rubiaceae de Colombia: guia ilustrada de generos. Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogot?, Colombia. (In supplement)

Merrill, E.D. 1923 An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. Vol. 3. Bureau of Printing, Manila, Philippines.

Meseguer, A.S., Michel, A., Fabre, P.H., P?rez-Escobar, O.A., Chomicki, G., Riina, R., Antonelli, A., Antoine, P.O., Delsuc, F., Condamine, F.L. 2022 Diversification dynamics in the Neotropics through time, clades and biogeographic regions. eLife 11: e74503.
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.74503View Article Google Scholar

Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Mittermeier, C.G. 1999 Hotspots: Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. CEMEX, Mexico City, Mexico.

Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A., Kent, J. 2000 Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772): 853–858.
DOI: 10.1038/35002501View Article Google Scholar

Naive, M.A.K., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2024 Ophiorrhiza ravifolia (Rubiaceae), a new endemic species discovered in Naga-Kabasalan Protected Landscape (NKPL), Zamboanga Peninsula, southwestern Philippines. Nord. J. Bot. 2024(3): e04311.
DOI: 10.1111/njb.04311View Article Google Scholar

Nandikar, M., Kishor, K. 2019 A new species and a synopsis of the Hedyotis-Oldenlandia group (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae) in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Blumea 64(3): 225–230. (In supplement)
DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.04View Article Google Scholar

Neupane, S., Dessein, S., Wikstrom, N., Lewis, P.O., Long, C., Bremer, B., Motley, T.J. 2015 The Hedyotis-Oldenlandia complex (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae) in Asia and the Pacific: Phylogeny revisited with new generic delimitations. Taxon 64(2): 299–322.
DOI: 10.12705/642.8View Article Google Scholar

Obico, J.J.A., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2013 A new species of Antherostele (Urophylleae, Rubioideae, Rubiaceae) from Mt. Sohoton, Samar, Philippines. Phytotaxa 104(1): 53–57.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.104.1.8View Article Google Scholar

Oldfield, S. 2009 Botanic gardens and the conservation of tree species. Trends Plant Sci. 14(11): 581–588.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.013View Article Google Scholar

Ong, P.S., Afuang, L.E., Rosell-Ambal, R.G. 2002 Philippine biodiversity conservation priorities: a second iteration of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Conservation International Philippines, Biodiversity Conservation Program-University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies, and Foundation for the Philippine Environment, Quezon City, Philippines.

Ordas, J.A.D., Banag, C.I., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2017 Neonauclea viridiflora (Rubiaceae), a new myrmecophytic species of Naucleeae from Eastern Samar, with notes on myrmecophytic species in the Philippines. Syst. Bot. 42(2): 364–370.
DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695592View Article Google Scholar

Ordas, J.A.D., Chen, Y.T., Odulio, E.J.A., Cortez, G.N.G., Zamudio, S.G.S., Alfeche, N.K.G. 2025 Two new species of Psychotria L. (Psychotrieae-Rubiaceae) from Dinagat Island, Philippines. Webbia 80(1): 67–76.
DOI: 10.36253/jopt-17036View Article Google Scholar

Ordas, J.A.D., Pinarok, N.A.A., Romeroso, R.B., Alejandro, G.J.D., Banag-Moran, C.I. 2019 A checklist of Rubiaceae species from Eastern Samar, Visayas, Philippines. Check List 15(2): 295–312.
DOI: 10.15560/15.2.295View Article Google Scholar

Ordas, J.A.D., Taradji, A.J., Valdez, M.B., Banag, C.I., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2016 Neonauclea connicalycina: a new myrmecophytic species of Naucleeae (Rubiaceae) from Cebu, Philippines. Phytotaxa 273(2): 127–132.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.273.2.4View Article Google Scholar

Pajarillaga, J.D., Ordas, J.A.D., Odulio, E.J.A., Venturina, P.J.S., Moran, C.B. 2025 Psychotria caraballoensis (Rubiaceae), a new species from northern Luzon, Philippines. Nordic J. Bot. 2026(2): e05026.
DOI: 10.1002/njb.05026View Article Google Scholar

Pelser, P.B., Barcelona, J.F., Nickrent, D.L. 2011onwards Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines. [www.philippineplants.org]

Persson, C. 2000 Phylogeny of the Gardenieae (Rubiaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences for the rps16 intron and trnL(UAA)–F(GAA) intergenic spacer. Nord. J. Bot. 20(3): 257–269.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb00742.xView Article Google Scholar

Posa, M.R.C., Diesmos, A.C., Sodhi, N.S., Brooks, T.M. 2008 Hope for threatened tropical biodiversity: lessons from the Philippines. BioScience 58(3): 231–240.
DOI: 10.1641/B580309View Article Google Scholar

Prathapan, K.D., Pethiyagoda, R., Bawa, K.S., Raven, P.H., Rajan, P.D. 2018 When the cure kills–-CBD limits biodiversity research. Science 360(6396): 1405–1406.
DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9844View Article Google Scholar

Proctor, J. 2003 Vegetation and soil and plant chemistry on ultramafic rocks in the tropical Far East. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 6(1-2): 105–124.
DOI: 10.1078/1433-8319-00045View Article Google Scholar

Puttock, C.F. 1999 Revision of Atractocarpus (Rubiaceae: Gardenieae) in Australia and new combinations for some extra-Australian taxa. Aust. Syst. Bot. 12(2): 271–302. (In supplement)
DOI: 10.1071/SB97030View Article Google Scholar

Razafimandimbison, S.G., Bremer, B. 2011 Nomenclatural changes and taxonomic notes in the tribe Morindeae (Rubiaceae). Adansonia 33(2): 283–309.
DOI: 10.5252/a2011n2a13View Article Google Scholar

Razafimandimbison, S.G., McDowell, T.D., Halford, D.A., Bremer, B. 2010 Origin of the pantropical and nutraceutical Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae): Comments on its distribution range and circumscription. J. Biogeogr. 37(3): 520–529. (In supplement)
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02229.xView Article Google Scholar

Razafimandimbison, S.G., Rydin, C. 2024 Phylogeny and classification of the coffee family (Rubiaceae, Gentianales): Overview and outlook. Taxon 73(6): 673–717.
DOI: 10.1002/tax.13293View Article Google Scholar

Razafimandimbison, S.G., Taylor, C.M., Wikstr?m, N., Pailler, T., Khodabandeh, A., Bremer, B. 2014 Phylogeny and generic limits in the sister tribes Psychotrieae and Palicoureeae (Rubiaceae): Evolution of schizocarps in Psychotria and origins of bacterial leaf nodules of the Malagasy species. Am. J. Bot. 101(7): 1102–1126.
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400076View Article Google Scholar

Ridsdale, C.E. 1982 A revision of Badusa (Rubiaceae, Condamineae, Portlandiinae). Blumea 28: 145–150. (In supplement)

Ridsdale, C.E. 2008 Thorny problems in the Rubiaceae: Benkara, Fagerlindia and Oxyceros. Reinwardtia 12: 289–300. (In supplement)

Robbrecht, E. 1988 Tropical woody Rubiaceae. Opera Bot. Belg. 1: 1–271.

Rova, J.H., Delprete, P.G., Andersson, L., Albert, V.A. 2002 A trnL-F cpDNA sequence study of the Condamineeae–Rondeletieae–Sipaneeae complex with implications on the phylogeny of the Rubiaceae. Am. J. Bot. 89(1): 145–159.
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.89.1.145View Article Google Scholar

Salamanes, J.D.P., Chavez, J.G., Arriola, A.H., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2015 A new species of Antirhea (Guettardeae, Rubiaceae) from Surigao del Norte, Philippines. Acta Bot. Gallica 162(3): 405–408.
DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2015.1062800View Article Google Scholar

Santor, P.J.R., Santiago, D.D.B., Mataga, C.J.V., Gabriel, E.S., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2021 Hedyotis hamiguitanensis (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae), a new species from Mt. Hamiguitan, Davao Oriental, Philippines and its systematic position in Hedyotis. Webbia 76(2): 195–202.
DOI: 10.36253/jopt-10651View Article Google Scholar

Shaffer, H.B., Thomson, R.C. 2007 Delimiting species in recent radiations. Syst. Biol. 56(6): 896–906.
DOI: 10.1080/10635150701772563View Article Google Scholar

Siler, C.D., Oaks, J.R., Esselstyn, J.A., Diesmos, A.C., Brown, R.M. 2010 Phylogeny and biogeography of Philippine bent-toed geckos (Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus) contradict a prevailing model of Pleistocene diversification. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 55(2): 699–710.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.027View Article Google Scholar

Smedmark, J.E.E., Bremer, B. 2011 Molecular systematics and incongruent gene trees of Urophylleae (Rubiaceae). Taxon 60(5): 1397–1406. (In supplement)
DOI: 10.1002/tax.605015View Article Google Scholar

Sodhi, N.S., Koh, L.P., Brook, B.W., Ng, P.K. 2004 Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19(12): 654–660.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2004.09.006View Article Google Scholar

Soejarto, D.D., Delprete, P., Regalado, J.C., Madulid, D.A. 1996 The true provenance and identity of Badusa philippica (Rubiaceae). Taxon 45(3): 487–492. (In supplement)
DOI: 10.2307/1224140View Article Google Scholar

Sohmer, S.H., Davis, A.P. 2007 The genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae) in the Philippine Archipelago. Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press, Fort Worth, USA.

Soza, V.L., Olmstead, R.G. 2010 Molecular systematics of tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae): Evolution of major clades, development of leaf-like whorls, and biogeography. Taxon 59(3): 755–771.
DOI: 10.1002/tax.593008View Article Google Scholar

Suba, M.D.L., Arcangel, N.R.P., Jalipa, J.T., Jurilla, J.G.L., Villase?or, J.M.J., Arriola, A.H., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2020 Pyrostria arayatensis (Vanguerieae, Rubiaceae), a new species from Mt. Arayat National Park, Pampanga, Philippines. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 57(4-6): 309–312.
DOI: 10.5735/085.057.0414View Article Google Scholar

Tandang, D.N., Ordas, J.A.D., Tadiosa, E.R., Banag-Moran, C.I., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2019 Mycetia suedixieana (Rubiaceae), a new species of Argostemmateae endemic to the Philippines. Syst. Bot. 44(2): 371–377.
DOI: 10.1600/036364419X15562052252009View Article Google Scholar

Taylor, C.M., Razafimandimbison, S.G., Barrab?, L., Jardim, J.G., Barbosa, M.V. 2017 Eumachia expanded, a pantropical genus distinct from Psychotria (Rubiaceae, Palicoureeae). Candollea 72(2): 289–310. (In supplement)
DOI: 10.15553/c2017v722a6View Article Google Scholar

Terrell, E.E., Robinson, H. 2003 Survey of Asian species of Hedyotis, Exallage, and Oldenlandia (Rubiaceae) and related genera with capsular fruits. SIDA 20: 1097–1175.

Thiers, B.M., Tulig, M.C., Watson, K.A. 2016 Digitization of the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium. Brittonia 68(3): 324–333.
DOI: 10.1007/s12228-016-9423-7View Article Google Scholar

Thomsen, P.F., Willerslev, E. 2015 Environmental DNA in ecology: achievements and prospects. Biol. Rev. 90(2): 751–777.

Thureborn, O., Wikstr?m, N., Razafimandimbison, S.G., Rydin, C. 2024 Plastid phylogenomics and cytonuclear discordance in Rubioideae, Rubiaceae. PLoS One 19(5): e0302365.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302365View Article Google Scholar

Turner, I.M. 2019 A nomenclatural synopsis of Chassalia (Rubiaceae) in Asia. Feddes Repert. 130(4): 215–264. (In supplement)
DOI: 10.1002/fedr.201900002View Article Google Scholar

Uy, M.M., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2012 Conservation status and nrITS-supported classification of the Philippine endemic genus Greeniopsis Merr. (Rubiaceae). Asia Life Sci. 21: 441–454.

Venturina, R.E.L., Suarez, E.E.L., Alejandro, G.J.D. 2017 Morinda carnosa (Morindeae-Rubiaceae), a new species from Palawan Philippines. Phytotaxa 308(1): 141–143.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.308.1.15View Article Google Scholar

Wallace, A.R. 1869 The Malay Archipelago. Macmillan, London, UK.
DOI: 10.2307/3025162View Article Google Scholar

Wang, R.J. 2019 Taxonomic notes on the genus Hedyotis sensu lato (Rubiaceae) in China. Phytotaxa 414(3): 121–128. (In supplement)
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.414.3.1View Article Google Scholar

Wang, R.J., Deng, S.J., Liao, Q. 2014 Nomenclature clarification of the traditional Chinese medicine baihuasheshecao and its adulterants based on molecular and morphological evidence. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 22: 431–442.

Wendel, J.F., Doyle, J.J. 1998 Phylogenetic incongruence: window into genome history and molecular evolution. In: Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Doyle, J.J. (eds.), Molecular Systematics of Plants II. Springer, Boston, USA.
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5419-6_10View Article Google Scholar

Wheeler, Q.D., Knapp, S., Stevenson, D.W., Stevenson, J., Blum, S.D., Boom, B.M., Borisy, G.G., Buizer, J.L., de Carvalho, M.R., Cibrian, A., Donoghue, M.J., Doyle, V., Gerson, E.M., Graham, C.H., Graves, P., Graves, S.J., Guralnick, R.P., Hamilton, A.L., Hanken, J., Law, W., Lipscomb, D.L., Lovejoy, T.E., Miller, H., Miller, J.S., Naeem, S., Novacek, M.J., Page, L.M., Platnick, N.I., Porter-Morgan, H., Raven, P.H., Solis, M.A., Valdecasas, A.G., van der Leeuw, S., Vasco, A., Vermeulen, N., Vogel, J., Walls, R.L. 2012 Mapping the biosphere: Exploring species to understand the origin, organization and sustainability of biodiversity. Syst. Biodivers. 10(1): 1–20.
DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2012.665095View Article Google Scholar

Wheeler, Q.D., Raven, P.H., Wilson, E.O. 2004 Taxonomy: Impediment or Expedient? Science 303(5656): 285.
DOI: 10.1126/science.303.5656.285View Article Google Scholar

Wikstr?m, N., Kainulainen, K., Razafimandimbison, S.G., Smedmark, J.E.E., Bremer, B. 2015 A revised time tree of the asterids: establishing a temporal framework for evolutionary studies of the coffee family (Rubiaceae). PLoS One 10(5): e0126690.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126690View Article Google Scholar

Wikstr?m, N., Neupane, S., K?rehed, J., Motley, T.J., Bremer, B. 2013 Phylogeny of Hedyotis L. (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae): Redefining a complex Asian-Pacific assemblage. Taxon 62(2): 357–374.
DOI: 10.12705/622.2View Article Google Scholar

Wikstr?m, N., Razafimandimbison, S.G., Rydin, C., Bremer, B. 2020 Anthospermeae – a pantropical tribe in the coffee family with an ancient Old World origin. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 150: 106879.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.007View Article Google Scholar

Wilf, P., Zhang, S., Chikkerur, S., Little, S.A., Wing, S.L., Serre, T. 2016 Computer vision cracks the leaf code. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113(12): 3305–3310.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524473113View Article Google Scholar

Wong, K.M. 2011 A revision of Philippine Gardenia (Rubiaceae). Gard. Bull. Singapore 62: 233–265.

Wong, K.M., Low, Y.W. 2011 A revision of Philippine Gardenia (Rubiaceae). Edinburgh J. Bot. 68(1): 11–31.
DOI: 10.1017/S0960428610000272View Article Google Scholar

Wong, K.M., Mahyuni, R., Ng, X.Y., Neo, L. 2018 Flora of Singapore precursors, 8. Systematics of the new Southeast Asian genera Canthiumera and Dibridsonia (Rubiaceae: Vanguerieae), with notes on plant architecture and reproductive ecology. Reinwardtia 17(2): 99–119.
DOI: 10.14203/reinwardtia.v17i2.3648View Article Google Scholar

Wong, K.M., Pereira, J.T. 2016 A taxonomic treatment of the Asiatic allies of Rothmannia (Rubiaceae: Gardenieae), including the new genera Ridsdalea and Singaporandia. Sandakania 21: 21–64.

Wong, K.M., Turner, I.M., Wang, R.J., Harwood, R., Seah, W.W., Ng, X.Y., Lim, R.C.J., Lua, H.K., Mahyuni, R. 2019 Flora of Singapore (Gentianales: Rubiaceae). Flora of Singapore Vol 13: 1–358. National Parks Board, Singapore.
DOI: 10.26492/fos13.2019-01View Article Google Scholar

Zhu, H. 2015 Paralasianthus (Rubiaceae), a new genus from Southeast Asia. Phytotaxa 202(4): 273–278.
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.202.4.5View Article Google Scholar

Zhu, H., Roos, M.C., Ridsdale, C.E. 2012 A taxonomic revision of the Malesian species of Lasianthus (Rubiaceae). Blumea 57(1): 1–102.
DOI: 10.3767/000651912X652012View Article Google Scholar